PVDF piezoelectric sensor based on solution blow spinning fibers for structural stress/strain health monitoring - ["Xuexue Zou", "Ruijian Zhu", "Xing Chen", "Qianping Ran", "Zengmei Wang"] (Smart Materials and Structures, 2024)
Abstract Strain monitoring is of great significance to the maintenance and safe operation of engineering structures. To address the shortcomings of piezoelectric ceramics such as high inflexibility and brittleness, in this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fibrous films were prepared by a safe and efficient solution blow spinning technique. In the case of similar β -phase content, the preparing efficiency of PVDF fibers by the solution blow spinning method increased by about 8–10 times compared to that of electrospinning method in our previous work. The fibers with average diameter of 0.79 μ m had the highest β -phase content, around 83%. A flexible piezoelectric fiber sensor with simple design for structural strain monitoring was prepared based on the PVDF fibers. The sensor responded well to strains as low as 23 μϵ , better than commercial strain gauges, with a high response accuracy of 1.11 mV/ μϵ . And the piezoelectric properties of the sensors could charge a 4.7 μ F capacitor

Monolithic Integration of Printable PVDF‐TrFE Piezoelectric Multifunctional Devices: From Sensing to Actuation - ["Yeji Lee", "Vineeth Kumar Bandari", "Varun Paul Paliakkara", "Sheila Monteiro Augusto", "Rico Ehrler", "Olav Hellwig", "Sebastian Amann", "Klaus Stöwe"] (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract This study demonstrates the development of multifunctional printable piezoelectric actuators using PVDF‐TrFE and PEDOT:PSS, capable of operating at low voltages and supporting a wide range of applications. By leveraging the high piezoelectric coefficient of PVDF‐TrFE and the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS, the actuators exhibit stable performance with precise inkjet printing deposition and optimized waveform parameters. The fabrication process integrates inkjet printing and standard lithography, enabling monolithic integration for high‐performance actuation and multifunctional sensing. The PVDF‐TrFE‐based actuators achieve low‐voltage operation (as low as 50 V), efficient energy transfer, and mechanical stability. Enhancing the beta phase of PVDF‐TrFE resulted in a deflection of ≈600 µm and vortex generation, crucial for lift in aerial robotic applications. Durability tests confirmed minimal performance degradation after 2,300 actuation cycles. Beyond mechanical deflection, the act

Bi-functional Rb4Ag2BiBr9-PVDF composite based Piezoelectric mechanical energy harvester and light assisted self-charging power unit - Suvankar Poddar, Suvankar Mondal, Souvik Bhattacharjee, Pulak Pal, Soumen Maiti, Anibrata Banerjee, Kalyan Kumar Chattopadhyay (Nano Energy, 2024)

Participation of Polymer Materials in the Structure of Piezoelectric Composites - ["Cosmin Ionuț Pîrvu", "Alexandru Sover", "Mărioara Abrudeanu"] (Polymers, 2024)
This review explores the integration of polymer materials into piezoelectric composite structures, focusing on their application in sensor technologies, and wearable electronics. Piezoelectric composites combining ceramic phases like BaTiO3, KNN, or PZT with polymers such as PVDF exhibit significant potential due to their enhanced flexibility, processability, and electrical performance. The synergy between the high piezoelectric sensitivity of ceramics and the mechanical flexibility of polymers enables the development of advanced materials for biomedical devices, energy conversion, and smart infrastructure applications. This review discusses the evolution of lead-free ceramics, the challenges in improving polymer–ceramic interfaces, and innovations like 3D printing and surface functionalization, which enhance charge transfer and material durability. It also covers the effects of radiation on these materials, particularly in nuclear applications, and strategies to enhance radiation resi

Piezoelectric Scaffolds as Smart Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering - ["Angelika Zaszczyńska", "Konrad Zabielski", "Arkadiusz Gradys", "Tomasz Kowalczyk", "Paweł Sajkiewicz"] (Polymers, 2024)
Bone repair and regeneration require physiological cues, including mechanical, electrical, and biochemical activity. Many biomaterials have been investigated as bioactive scaffolds with excellent electrical properties. Amongst biomaterials, piezoelectric materials (PMs) are gaining attention in biomedicine, power harvesting, biomedical devices, and structural health monitoring. PMs have unique properties, such as the ability to affect physiological movements and deliver electrical stimuli to damaged bone or cells without an external power source. The crucial bone property is its piezoelectricity. Bones can generate electrical charges and potential in response to mechanical stimuli, as they influence bone growth and regeneration. Piezoelectric materials respond to human microenvironment stimuli and are an important factor in bone regeneration and repair. This manuscript is an overview of the fundamentals of the materials generating the piezoelectric effect and their influence on bone re

Kirigami-inspired, three-dimensional piezoelectric pressure sensors assembled by compressive buckling - ["Yi Zhang", "Changbo Liu", "Ben Jia", "Dongqin Ma", "Xuecheng Tian", "Yuanyuan Cui", "Yuan Deng"] (npj Flexible Electronics, 2024)
Abstract Piezoelectric sensors whose sensing performances can be flexibly regulated hold significant promise for efficient signal-acquisition applications in the healthcare field. The existing methods for regulating the properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films mainly include material modification and structural design. Compared to material modification, which has a long test period and an unstable preparation process, structural design is a more efficient method. The irigami structure combined with compressive buckling can endow the flexible film with rich macrostructural features. Here, a method is fabricated to modulate the sensing performance by employing distinct 3D structures and encapsulation materials with varying Young’s moduli. The relationship among the aspect ratio ( α ), pattern factor ( η ), elastic modulus of encapsulation materials, and equivalent stiffness is obtained by finite element simulation, which provides theoretical guidance for the design of the 2D pr

Designing transparent piezoelectric metasurfaces for adaptive optics - ["Liao Qiao", "Xiangyu Gao", "Kaile Ren", "Chaorui Qiu", "Jinfeng Liu", "Haonan Jin", "Shuxiang Dong", "Zhuo Xu"] (Nature Communications, 2024)
Abstract Simultaneously generating various motion modes with high strains in piezoelectric devices is highly desired for high-technology fields to achieve multi-functionalities. However, traditional approach for designing multi-degrees-of-freedom systems is to bond together several multilayer piezoelectric stacks, which generally leads to cumbersome and complicated structures. Here, we proposed a transparent piezo metasurface to achieve various types of strains in a wide frequency range. As an example, we designed a ten-unit piezo metasurface, which can produce high strains ( ε 3 = 0.76%), and generate linear motions along X-, Yand Z-axis, rotary motions around X-, Yand Z-axis as well as coupled modes. An adaptive lens based on the proposed piezo metasurface was demonstrated. It can realize a wide range of focal length (35.82 cm ~ ∞) and effective image stabilization with relatively large displacements (5.05 μm along Y-axis) and tilt angles (44.02′ around Y-axis). This research may ben

Preparation and properties of triboelectric nanogenerator based on PVDF-TrFE/PMMA electrospun film - ["Xuesong Deng", "Zijian Wu", "Xin Yu", "Meng Wang", "Defeng Zang", "Yonghai Long", "Ning Guo", "Ling Weng"] (Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2024)
With the emergence of the era of Internet of things, traditional batteries have been challenged by environmental pollution, replacement maintenance, and other problems, and the self-power technology of flexible electronic devices has received great attention. PVDF-TrFE is one of the commonly used materials for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) because of its high β-phase ratio and strong electron attraction ability. Electrospinning technology can further increase the proportion of β-phase in PVDF-TrFE by electric field polarization. However, the electrospun PVDF-TrFE fiber film has poor mechanical properties and is difficult to be used in electronic devices for a long time. The addition of PMMA can form hydrogen bonds in the fiber, which greatly optimizes the mechanical strength of the blended film. Therefore, in this work, PVDF-TrFE/PMMA electrospun film with mechanical and electrical stability was prepared by electrospinning method. After optimization of materials and working condi tions, the optimal output performance of the hybrid membrane TA-TENG can reach 0.215 μA and 210 V. Over 2000 working cycles, the device offers excellent output stability and long-term durability. This study presents a novel approach to concurrently enhance both the electrical and mechanical properties of triboelectric materials, thereby broadening their applicability in everyday life.

Spatially-resolved in-situ/operando structural study of screen-printed BaTiO3/P(VDF-TrFE) flexible piezoelectric device - ["Christine Revenant", "Sylvain Minot", "Simon Toinet", "Eleanor Lawrence Bright", "R. Ramos", "M. Benwadih"] (Sensors and Actuators A Physical, 2024)
The incorporation of lead-free BaTiO 3 particles into P(VDF-TrFE) provides a versatile way for tuning dielectric and piezoelectric properties. Screen-printing enables the easy production of flexible capacitors. To prevent particle aggregation, the BaTiO 3 particles are functionalized with a surfactant. Initially, 60 % vol. BaTiO 3 particles are deposited in the second layer out of three layers. After annealing and cooling, the particle distribution is successfully homogeneous in the whole film. After poling at 80 °C, the relative permittivity and the piezoelectric coefficient d 33 significantly increase up to 159 and 8 pC/N respectively. In situ/operando spatially-resolved X-ray techniques allow exploring the structural evolution of the composite device during annealing and during an applied electric field. The application of an electric field leads to the quasi-disappearance of the P(VDF-TrFE) ferroelectric state. As a matter of fact, the interactions between the P(VDF-TrFE) and the s

Structural, Mechanical, and Barrier Properties of the Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Bacterial Nanocellulose-Based Hybrid Composite - ["Aleksandra Janićijević", "Suzana Filipović", "Aleksandra Sknepnek", "Ana Salević-Jelić", "Radmila Jančić Heinemann", "Miloš Petrović", "Ivan Petronijević", "Marina Stamenović"] (Polymers, 2024)
This study presents an analysis of films which consist of two layers; one layer is PVDF as the matrix, along with fillers BaTiO3 (BT), and the second is one bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) filled with Fe3O4. The mass fraction of BT in PVDF was 5%, and the samples were differentiated based on the duration of the mechanical activation of BT. This innovative PVDF laminate polymer with environmentally friendly fillers aligns with the concept of circular usage, resulting in a reduction in plastic content and potential improvement of the piezoelectric properties of the entire composite. This work presents new, multifunctional “green” packaging materials that potentially could be a good alternative to specific popular materials used for this purpose. The synthesis of the films was carried out using the hot press method. Tensile tests, water vapor permeability examination, and structural analyses using SEM-EDS and FTIR have been conducted. The sample PVDF/BT20/BNC/Fe3O4 exhibited the best barrie

Piezoelectric silk fibroin nanofibers: Structural optimization to enhance piezoelectricity and biostability for neural tissue engineering - Lu Jin, Youyi Tai, Jin Nam (Nano Energy, 2024)

Inducing Polar Phase in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) with a Molecular Ferroelectric Copper(II) Complex for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting - ["Rajashi Haldar", "Utsa Sarkar", "Ajay Kumar", "Dipankar Mandal", "Maheswaran Shanmugam"] (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), the current pathway to sustainable energy harvesting, are mostly comprised of bulk oxide ceramics which are toxic, rigid, and costly to synthesize. A suitable alternative to them is flexible polar polymers like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), but stabilizing its polar phase is also a daunting task. all these aforementioned issues by employing a biocompatible have been solved, above‐room‐temperature ( T c > 390 K) ferroelectric discrete molecular complex [Cu(L‐His)(bpy)]ClO 4 .1.5H 2 O ( Cu‐FE ) which is not only suitable for piezoelectric energy harvesting due to its large values of piezoelectric co‐efficient (d 33 = 17 pm V −1 ) but also is capable of imparting polar β ‐phase in PVDF via hydrogen bonding interactions under mild condition (60 °C). Among the PENG devices prepared with the composite films of PVDF and various weight % (w/V) compositions of Cu‐FE , the highest output voltage of 8 V (peak to peak) has been obtained, a power

Polyvinylidene Fluoride Based Piezoelectric Composites with Strong Interfacial Adhesion via Click Chemistry for Self‐Powered Flexible Sensors - ["Youlei Tu", "Yuliang Yang", "Yu Zheng", "Shaoyun Guo", "Jiabin Shen"] (Small, 2024)
Abstract Achieving relatively uniform dispersion in organic–inorganic composites with overwhelming differences in surface energy is a perennial challenge. Herein, novel eliminated polyvinylidene fluoride (EPVDF)/EPVDF functionalized barium titanate nanoparticles (EPVDF@BT) flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with strong interfacial adhesion are developed via thermal stretching following sequential click chemistry. Thanks to the strong interfacial adhesion, the optimal PENGs containing ultra‐high β ‐phase content (97.2%) exhibit not only optimized mechanical and dielectric behaviors but also excellent piezoelectric properties with high piezoelectric output ( V = 10.7 V, I = 216 nA), reliable durability (8000 cycles), ultrafast response time (20 ms), and good sensitivity (2.09 nA kPa −1 ), far outperforming most reported PVDF‐based composites. Furthermore, COMSOL finite element simulations (FEM) confirm that the elevated stress transfer efficiency induced by the strong interfac

High β-phase PVDF films formed by uniaxial compression - Shubham Mireja, D. V. Khakhar (Polymer, 2024)

Advanced 3D-printed PVDF/BT piezoelectric energy harvester with a bio-inspired 3D structure for a self-powered smart mouse - ["Amal Megdich", "Mohamed Habibi", "Luc Laperrière", "Zeshi Li", "Yasmine Abdin"] (Nano Energy, 2024)
Piezoelectric polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) exhibit remarkable flexibility, lightweight, durability, and biocompatibility compared to their ceramic counterparts. This unique characteristic makes them highly suitable for harvesting mechanical vibrations. However, conventional manufacturing methods mainly result in two-dimensional (2D) piezoelectric energy harvester (PEHs) structures. This confines the internal stress and, as a result, limits their potential voltage output. This study introduces an innovative bio-inspired three-dimensional (3D) structure crafted through fused deposition modeling (FDM). Barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles were added as piezoelectric fillers to improve the performance of the PEH. The obtained nanocomposite was poled under optimal poling conditions, achieving a β-phase fraction of 95,72 %, a piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33) of 28 pC/N, and a permittivity of 24.2 at 100 Hz. A parametric study was performed through numerical analysis,

Porous, Self-Polarized Ferroelectric Polymer Films Exhibiting Behavior Reminiscent of Morphotropic Phase Boundary Induced by Size-Dependent Interface Effect for Self-Powered Sensing - ["Heng Yao", "Zhaoyue Xia", "Jing Wang", "Huang Lin", "Hui Ying Yang", "Qilong Zhang"] (ACS Nano, 2024)
Piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymer, poly(vinylidene fluorideco -trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)), have attracted considerable attention due to their potential in flexible, biocompatible energy harvesting and sensing devices. However, their limited piezoelectric performance hinders their widespread application. Inspired by the concept of morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) prevalent in high-performance piezoelectric ceramics, we successfully constructed MPB in the piezoelectric polymer P(VDF-TrFE) through size-dependent interface effects. We provided direct structural evidence using atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) and significantly improved the piezoelectric performance of P(VDF-TrFE). The emergence of MPB is attributed to the interface effect induced by electrostatic interactions between ZnO fillers and the −CH 2, −CF 2, and −CHF groups in P(VDF-TrFE). This interaction drives a concomitant competition between the all-trans β phase (nor

Flexible Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on a Poly(vinylidene fluoride)–Ti3C2 MXene Film for Underwater Energy Harvesting - ["Athira Mankuni", "Soney Varghese"] (ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2024)
The goal of energy harvesting is to create self-powered devices that can operate without the need for batteries or external power sources. This research intends to synthesize, characterize, and develop a flexible piezoelectric polymer composite device of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and Ti 3 C 2 using a simple solvent-casting approach without an external poling procedure. Nanocomposites of PVDF with different concentrations of MXene (0.2, 0.8, 1, and 2 wt %) are prepared by the solvent-casting method using DMF as a solvent. Addition of Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets into the polymer matrix has enhanced the β phase content in PVDF. PVDF added with 1 wt % MXene exhibited the highest β phase percentage as well as improved piezoelectric properties. Because MXene is distributed evenly in the PVDF matrix, it improves the β phase of PVDF while decreasing the undesirable α phase configuration. According to the data obtained from dynamic contact electrostatic force microscopy, 1 wt % MXene-incorporate

Self-polarized cellulose nanofiber-reinforced PVDF-based piezoelectric composites via direct-ink-writing 3D printing for pressure sensing and energy harvesting - Lei Liu, Ping Huang, Shunjian Xu, Xiao Chen, Kai‐Mei C. Fu, Jingbo Li, Hao Liu, Wenxiang Xue (Sensors and Actuators A Physical, 2024)

Processing and characterisation of hot rolling pressed PVDF films with enhanced field-induced polarisation - Xin Qi, Xuankai Huang, Bijoy Krishna Das, Ming Dong, Afni Restasari, Richard M. Whiteley, Haixue Yan, Emiliano Bilotti (Polymer, 2024)

Development of Highly Flexible Piezoelectric PVDF-TRFE/Reduced Graphene Oxide Doped Electrospun Nano-Fibers for Self-Powered Pressure Sensor - ["Arsalan Ahmed", "Nazakat Ali Khoso", "Muhammad Fahad Arain", "Imran Ahmad Khan", "Kashif Javed", "Asfandyar Khan", "Sanam Irum Memon", "Qinguo Fan"] (Polymers, 2024)
The demand for self-powered, flexible, and wearable electronic devices has been increasing in recent years for physiological and biomedical applications in real-time detection due to their higher flexibility and stretchability. This work fabricated a highly sensitive, self-powered wearable microdevice with Poly-Vinylidene Fluoride-Tetra Fluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) nano-fibers using an electrospinning technique. The dielectric response of the polymer was improved by incorporating the reduced-graphene-oxide (rGO) multi-walled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs) through doping. The dielectric behavior and piezoelectric effect were improved through the stretching and orientation of polymeric chains. The outermost layer was attained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of conductive polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to enhance the electrical conductivity and sensitivity. The hetero-structured nano-composite comprises PVDF-TrFE doped with rGO-MWCNTs over poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)

Design, preparation and application of high-performance PVDF-based piezoelectric nanogenerators - ["Lu Xu", "Chuyang Liu", "Rapkatjan Keram", "Azimat Mamat", "Pengchen Xiang", "Xiao‐Long Hu", "Zhou Li", "Yujing Zhang"] (Applied Materials Today, 2024)
Nowadays, there is a growing potential for miniaturized, wearable and portable electronic devices. Whilst the environmental impact of fossil fuel consumption and the limited lifespan of batteries have redirected of focus of energy research towards the integration of green renewable technologies. Therefore, piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) have attracted extensive attention to develop a more efficient and lightweight power source, which possess excellent mechanical properties, good environmental adaptability and excellent energy harvesting performance. As a crucial foundation, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers are the most promising piezoelectric materials for design of PENG due to their unique electrical activity, high flexibility, good processability and long-term stability. However, the piezoelectric response generated by PVDF-based piezoelectric nanogenerators is still low and cannot drive most electronic devices. Consequently, this paper reviews the recent progre

Flexible PEI/PVDF Blend Films with an Enhanced Curie Temperature for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting - ["Sukumar Roy", "Anupam Chowdhury", "Mangala Joshi", "S. Wazed Ali"] (ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2024)
In the quest for finding sustainable energy harvesting solutions, the field of high-temperature stable flexible piezoelectric energy harvesters is emerging as an exciting area of research. In the present research, an approach has been taken to enhance the Curie temperature of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) by blending it with a high-temperature stable poly(ether imide) (PEI) polymer. A polymeric solution of PVDF in N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) has been prepared at a fixed concentration of 10 wt % and mixed with different percentages (5, 10, and 15% on the weight of PVDF pellets) of PEI. In this study, a detailed description on the fabrication process of blend films, microstructural study, and the effect of the blend percentage on the electroactive properties of developed films are studied. An addition of 10% PEI in a PVDF film has demonstrated promising results in terms of greater voltage (2.4 V) and current (0.78 μA). It has been observed that the magnitude of the Curie temperature

Fabrication and testing of PVDF-Fish scales based sustainable piezoelectric impact sensor - Nikhil Dilip Kulkarni, Abir Saha, Poonam Kumari (Sensors and Actuators A Physical, 2024)

Piezoelectric Biosensor based on ultrasensitive MEMS system - Ji‐Huan He, Chun‐Hui He, Man-Yu Qian, Abdulrahman Ali Alsolami (Sensors and Actuators A Physical, 2024)

3D Printing Architecting β‐PVDF Reservoirs for Preferential ZnO Epitaxial Growth Toward Advanced Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting - ["Lirong He", "Xingang Liu", "C. N. Han", "Dehui Wang", "Qi Wang", "Xu Deng", "Chuhong Zhang"] (Small Methods, 2024)
For polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based piezoelectric composites, epitaxial growth of ZnO nanorods (ZnO-nr) piezoceramic layer on PVDF is an effective way to improve their piezoelectric performance. However, the crystal nucleus of ZnO featuring polar surfaces that cannot be directly attached to hydrophobic PVDF with low surface energy. Herein, direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing is employed for the first time to create β-PVDF reservoirs with significantly enhanced surface energy, facilitating the attachment and epitaxial growth of ZnO-nr. The printed β-PVDF reservoirs designed with programmed macro-pores and abundant inner micropores, enable a higher loading of ZnO-nr by more than one magnitude, thereby boosting the electro-mechanical response. The resulting PVDF/ZnO core-shell piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) delivers an output voltage of 33.2 V, as well as an unprecedentedly high relative output voltage of 2.76 V/wt.%, which is 2.63 times that of the state-of-the-art 3D-printed

Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Contributions by Aromatic Hyperbranched Polyesters of Second-Generation/PVDF Nanofiber-Based Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Wearable Electronics - ["Ramadasu Gunasekhar", "Amrutha Bindhu", "Mohammad Shamim Reza", "Arun Anand Prabu", "Kap Jin Kim", "Hongdoo Kim"] (ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2024)
Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are among the emerging technologies as energy harvesters, aided by their cost-effective device architecture and ease of fabrication. The present study investigates the influence of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blended with second-generation aromatic hyperbranched polyester (Ar.HBP-G2) of varied content (0 to 40 wt % relative to PVDF content) on the electrical characteristics of PENG/TENG devices. The optimized PVDF/Ar.HBP-G2–10-based PENG device produced an open-circuit voltage of 9.54 V, and the TENG device produced an open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of 158 V and 1.6 μA, respectively. Further, the fabricated PENG and TENG devices were tested for real-time applications to power up portable electronic devices and human healthcare monitoring from the harvested mechanical energy. Additionally, the long-term mechanical steadiness of the TENG was also studied. The above results provide

Electrospun Poly L-Lactic Acid Nanofiber Webs Presenting Enhanced Piezoelectric Properties - ["Seung Kwan Hong", "Jae‐Jin Lee", "Kap Jin Kim", "Suk‐Won Choi"] (Polymers, 2024)
There has been extensive research on electrospun ferroelectric nanoparticle-doped poly L-lactic acid (PLA) nanofiber web piezoelectric devices. In this study, BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BTNPs) were incorporated into the PLA to enhance the piezoelectric properties. The composite nanofiber webs were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The piezoelectric behavior was analyzed by measuring the peak-to-peak output voltage (Vp-p) of the samples. The sensors fabricated from the PLA/BTNP nanofiber webs exhibited higher Vp-p values than the conventional electrospun PLA sensors. Furthermore, the corona-poled PLA/BTNP nanofiber web sensors exhibited even higher Vp-p values than the non-corona-poled sensors. Lastly, the effect of stacking nanofiber webs in terms of enhancing the sensor performance was also evaluated.

A Review of Plasma-Synthesized and Plasma Surface-Modified Piezoelectric Polymer Films for Nanogenerators and Sensors - ["Eun Young Jung", "Habeeb Olaitan Suleiman", "Heung‐Sik Tae", "Choon‐Sang Park"] (Polymers, 2024)
In this review, we introduce recently developed plasma-based approaches for depositing and treating piezoelectric nanoparticles (NPs) and piezoelectric polymer films for nanogenerator (NG) and sensor applications. We also present the properties and an overview of recently synthesized or modified piezoelectric materials on piezoelectric polymers to highlight the existing challenges and future directions of plasma methods under vacuum, low pressure, and ambient air conditions. The various plasma processes involved in piezoelectric NGs and sensors, including plasma-based vapor deposition, dielectric barrier discharge, and surface modification, are introduced and summarized for controlling various surface properties (etching, roughening, crosslinking, functionalization, and crystallinity).

Process Investigation on Robust Electrospinning of Non-Aligned and Aligned Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanofiber Mats for Flexible Piezoelectric Sensors - ["Xiaohua Liu", "Minghai Zhang", "Baolin Jiang", "Qihao Zhang", "Hao Chen", "Yan Shen", "Ziyan Wang", "Xiaohong Yin"] (Polymers, 2024)
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber mats have played a significant role in wearable electronic devices that have been in great demand in recent decades. Although manifold PVDFbased freely stacked or well-aligned nanofiber mats created via the electrospinning process have been demonstrated to achieve multisensory capabilities with high sensitivity and long detection range, rarely have any of them proved their ability with a stable process and accurate processing parameters. In this work, we successfully developed freely stacked and well-aligned PVDF nanofiber mats with diameters ranging from micrometers to nanometers, providing stable performance for wearable electronic devices. Through in-depth investigations into material preparation, electrospinning, and fiber collection processes, we revealed the relationship between the nanofiber morphology, β-phase fraction, and piezoelectric output with various process parameters. Characterized by analytical methods, we have established a ma

Screen-printed piezoelectric composites for vibrational energy harvesting in combination with structural composite laminates for powering a sensing node - Boyue Chen, Yu Jia, Fumio Narita, Hiroki Kurita, Yu Shi (Composites Part B Engineering, 2024)

Ultrahigh β-phase content polyvinylidene fluoride/boron nitride true-nanoscale fibers based composites for stable and highly sensitive self-powered flexible sensors - Junpeng Xiong, Lingling Wang, Fanghua Liang, Bangjia Lin, Muhammad Iqbal, Mayakrishnan Gopiraman, Jian Shi, J. H. Lee (Nano Energy, 2024)

Fabrication and characterization of PZT / PVDF composite films for force sensor applications (Polymer International, 2024)
Abstract This study explored the impact of hot press parameters on lead zirconate titanate (PZT)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite films designed for force‐sensing applications. The systematic fraction (PZT/PVDF), pressure, temperature, and time during hot pressing processes are subject to variation. The focus is on the resulting composite film thickness and its subsequent influence on the piezoelectric properties, which are essential for the performance of force sensors. The present study investigated the characteristics and performance of PZT/PVDF composite films with fraction ratios 2/5, 5/5, and 7/3 and hot pressure of 10, 40, and 60 MPa and temperature at 150 °C for 2 h. The characterization of these films was conducted using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The piezoelectric properties ( d 33 and d 31 ) were measured using impact and extraction tests to evaluate the performance of films with applied forces. The results show that the highest piezoelectric coefficients ( d 33 and d 31 ) were determined to be 35.8 and 12.60 pC N −1 , with fraction ratios of 7/3 and 2/5. The study revealed a positive correlation between the PZT/PVDF ratio and sensitivity, indicating that an increase in the ratio leads to an increase in sensitivity. Conversely, a negative relationship was observed between the impact load and the sensor sensitivity, suggesting that an increase in the impact load results in a sensitivity decrease. The results of this work demonstrate the great potential of piezoelectric PZT/PVDF composite films in force sensors for small load applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Piezoelectricity performance and β-phase analysis of PVDF composite fibers with BaTiO3 and PZT reinforcement - ["Mahboubizadeh S", "Dilamani ST", "Baghshahi S."] (Heliyon, 2024)
Piezoelectric composite fibers have various applications such as energy harvesting and human body monitor devices. Therefore, the construction of fibers that have the highest piezoelectric efficiency while using materials with the least toxicity is of great importance for health. Consequently, in the research a head PZT/PVDF (Lead Zirconate Titanate/Polyvinylidene fluoride) and Lead free BaTiO 3 /PVDF (Barium Titanate/Polyvinylidene fluoride) 0–3 connection type composites nanofibers were fabricated by Electrospinning method. Dielectric constant with Impedance analyzer, sensitivity with handmade device and their crystalline properties by using FTIR and XRD, were compared. The results showed, adding BaTiO 3 will increase the percentage of β-Phase crystal formation more than adding PZT which subsequently leads to a higher dielectric constant.

Templates-Built Structural Designs for Piezoelectrochemical Pressure Sensors - ["Hongjian Zhang", "Yi Fang", "Junki Lee", "Chang Kyu Jeong", "Yong Zhang"] (ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024)
Self-powered sensors, capable of detecting static and dynamic pressure without an external power source, are pivotal for advancements in human–computer interaction, health monitoring, and artificial intelligence. Current sensing technologies, however, often fall short of meeting the growing needs for precise and timely pressure monitoring. This article introduces a novel self-powered pressure sensor utilizing electrochemical reactions. The sensor’s ion conduction path and internal resistance adjust in response to external stress across a broad range. Its three-dimensional structure, crafted by using a simple template on the electrolyte, enables the efficient and cost-effective detection of various mechanical stimuli. This device not only achieves an optimized power density of approximately 2.34 mW cm –2 ─surpassing most existing technologies─but also features excellent flexibility, quick response, and recovery times (0.15 and 0.19 s respectively); high durability (2000 cycles); and a b road sensing range (0.23–20 kPa). Moreover, it serves as an ionic touchpad, enhancing data collection and recognition, and integrates seamlessly with a mouthpiece for accurate, real-time monitoring of respiratory activities. This innovative sensor offers minimal cost and simple process requirements while providing multifunctional capabilities for energy harvesting and pressure sensing, marking a significant step forward in the design of next-generation sensors.

Constructing the 3D Interconnected Conductive MXene-Cellulose Scaffold to Boosting the Piezoresistive Sensing Capability - ["Hongjian Zhang", "Changzhou Du", "Yong Zhang"] (ACS Applied Electronic Materials, 2024)
Flexible pressure sensors play a vital role in advancing wearable electronics by enabling precise health monitoring, human-machine interfaces, and environmental sensing. MXene-based piezoresistive sensors have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional electromechanical properties. However, enhancing their performance and ensuring environmental sustainability simultaneously still remain critical challenge. In this study, we prepared hydroxyl-rich deacetylated cellulose acetate (DCA) fibers and attached MXene to the surface to form a three-dimensionally interconnected conductive network. Taking advantage of the typical micromorphology and in turn the high electrical conductivity modulation, the resulting MXene/DCA (MDCA) flexible sensors exhibited exceptionally high sensitivity (54.62 kPa –1 ), excellent linearity in the range of 0–40 kPa ( R 2 = 0.998), fast response/recovery time (154/125 ms), and outstanding long-term durability over 10 000 compression cycles at 12.37 kP a without significant degradation. This study offers promising insights into the development of high-performance, environmentally friendly piezoresistive sensors.

Flexible and Simply Degradable MXene–Methylcellulose Piezoresistive Sensor for Human Motion Detection - ["Changzhou Du", "Hongjian Zhang", "Xiaofei Liu"] (ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024)
Flexible pressure sensors are intensively demanded in various fields such as electronic skin, medical and health detection, wearable electronics, etc.

Template-Assisted Structural Design for Self-Powered Piezoelectrochemical Sensors - Hongjian Zhang; Yi Fang; Junki Lee; two others (RG visible) (2024)

A Semi‐Interpenetrating Poly(Ionic Liquid) Network‐Driven Low Hysteresis and Transparent Hydrogel as a Self‐Powered Multifunctional Sensor - Shaowei Han, Yongkang Hu, Jia Wei, Songwei Li, Peipei Yang, Haoyang Mi, Chuntai Liu, Changyu Shen (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract Conductive hydrogels are gaining significant attention as promising candidates for the fabrication materials for flexible electronics. Nevertheless, improving the tensile properties, hysteresis, durability, adhesion, and electrochemical properties of these hydrogels remains challenging. This work reports the development of a novel semi‐interpenetrating network poly(ionic liquid) hydrogel named PATV, via the in situ polymerization of acrylamide, N ‐[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl] acrylamide, and 1‐vinyl‐3‐butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The density functional theory calculations reveal that the poly(ionic liquid) in the hydrogel network acts as physical cross–linking points to construct hydrogen‐bond networks. Furthermore, the hydrogen‐bond networks dissipate energy efficiently and quickly, and thus stress concentration and hysteresis are avoided. The prepared hydrogel has a low hysteresis (9%), high tensile properties ( 900%), fast response (180 ms), high sensitivity (gauge factor = 10.4, pressure sensitivity = 0.14 kPa −1 ), and wide sensing range (tensile range: 1–600%, compression range: 0.1–20 kPa). A multifunctional sensor designed based on the designed hydrogel enables real‐time, rapid, and stable response‐ability for the detection of human movement, facial expression recognition, pronunciation, pulse, handwriting, and Morse code encryption. Furthermore, the assembled triboelectric nanogenerator displays an excellent energy harvesting capability, thus highlighting its potential application in self‐powered flexible wearable electronic devices.

All‐Paper‐Based, Flexible, and Bio‐Degradable Pressure Sensor with High Moisture Tolerance and Breathability Through Conformally Surface Coating - Ao Li, Jun Xu, Shengtao Zhou, Zhaohui Zhang, Daxian Cao, Bin Wang, Wenhua Gao, Wei Zhang, Fengshan Zhang (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract Highlighted with bio‐degradability, paper‐based flexible pressure sensors receive significant attention in the field of wearable devices for a sustainable future. However, it remains a challenge to possess considerable sensing performance in high humidity and underwater environments, because its structure rapidly breaks down after the hydrophilic cellulose absorbs water. In this study, a facile chemical vapor deposition method is employed to conformally coat a thin hydrophobic layer onto the cellulose fibers, resulting in an encapsulating paper with high moisture tolerance. The well‐maintained porous structure reserves the superior breathability of the paper. A micro‐convex‐structured sensor layer impregnated with MXene serves as the sensing layer. As a result, an all‐paper‐based pressure sensor with high moisture tolerance and breathability is fabricated. This sensor features a broad sensing range (0–60 kPa), acceptable sensitivities (39.58 kPa −1 (0–1.01 kPa), 11.95 kPa −1 (1.01–60 kPa)), a low detection limit of ≈2.8 Pa, response and recovery time (93 and 69 ms), reliable hydrophobic breathability, and excellent repeatability (10 000 cycles). Moreover, this sensor can be safely worn on human skin and can monitor physiological signals in real‐time in different environments (including air, humid environments, and even underwater), providing a reliable, economical, and environmentally friendly solution for wearable technology.

Ultra‐Rapidly Responsive Electret‐Based Flexible Pressure Sensor via Functional Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis - Tatsuya Yasuda, Ryutaro Komine, Ryoma Nojiri, Yoshihito Takabe, Kenta Nara, Takeru Kaneko, Syunsuke Horigome, Yasunori Takeda, Yi‐Fei Wang, Seigou Kawaguchi, Tomohito Sekine (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract Flexible electrets can be used to construct eco‐friendly devices that utilize dielectric materials to measure physical parameters without requiring any power supply. By achieving detection capabilities that surpass human tactile abilities, such devices can be employed to create super‐sensing technologies, such as electronic artificial skin, based on solution processes. In this study, electret‐type particles with self‐power‐generating properties are synthesized and applied to flexible pressure sensors. Notably, an ultrafast response is achieved despite the device being flexible and fabricated using a solution process. Moreover, this technology is successfully implemented in both human and robot applications, detecting tactile signals in real‐time and serving as electronic artificial skin—a key super‐sensing aspect. These results showcase the possibilities offered by high‐performance flexible sensing technology and illuminate potential directions for future applications.

Degradable, biocompatible, and flexible capacitive pressure sensor for intelligent gait recognition and rehabilitation training - Dedong Guo, Yuanlong Li, Qihui Zhou, Zhongxiang Yu, Xueqian Liu, Shuheng Dong, Shipeng Zhang, Ho-Kun Sung, Zhao Yao, Yang Li, Yuanyue Li (Nano Energy, 2024)

Wireless pressure monitoring system utilizing a 3D-printed Origami pressure sensor array - Hadi Moeinnia, Danielle Jaye Agron, Carl Ganzert, Loren Schubert, Woo Soo Kim (npj Flexible Electronics, 2024)
Abstract We present here a 3D-printed pressure mapping mat, equipped with customizable architecture sensors, that offers a cost-effective and adaptable solution, overcoming the size constraints and sensing accuracy issues commonly associated with existing commercial pressure mats across various fields, such as healthcare and sports applications. Leveraging a pillar-origami structure, the demonstrated sensor offers multifaceted stiffness properties, effectively filtering skin deformations and enabling capacitive pressure sensing. Notably, the sensor’s detection range can be finely tuned, spanning from 70 to 2500 kPa, with a sensitivity range between 0.01 kPa -1 and 0.0002 kPa -1 , and an impressive response time of just 800 milliseconds. Furthermore, the inclusion of a modular sensor array enhances maintenance and allows for greater flexibility in shaping and enhancing the device’s resolution. This technology finds p ractical applications in wireless foot pressure mapping and sports protection pads, marking a significant milestone in the advancement of flexible and custom-shaped pressure sensor technology.

A wide-linear-range and low-hysteresis resistive strain sensor made of double-threaded conductive yarn for human movement detection - Fei Huang, Jiyong Hu, Xiong Yan (Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2024)

Bioinspired, highly sensitive interlocked flexible textile pressure sensor based on multilayer SWCNTs/PVP/rGO dendritic for gesture recognition - Yong-song Tan, Weiyi Han, You Wu, Dajiang Kuang, Liyang Song, Chaoxia Wang (Composites Part B: Engineering, 2024)

Tunable porous fiber-shaped strain sensor with synergistic conductive network for human motion recognition and tactile sensing - Xiaoyan Yue, Changqing Fang, Qizhi Yao, Chuntai Liu, Changyu Shen, Hu Liu (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Gradient pore structured Ppy/PDMS conductive sponge for flexible pressure sensor - Penglin Lu, Jinhao Xu, Xincheng Wang, Weiping Lian, Chongbing Li, Shanshan Guan (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

AgNPs/CNTs modified nonwoven fabric for PET-based flexible interdigitated electrodes in pressure sensor applications - Weili Zhao, Jun Natsuki, Vuong Dinh Trung, Haoyi Li, Jing Tan, Weimin Yang, Toshiaki Natsuki (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Thickness-induced gradient micro-wrinkle PDMS/MXene/rGO wearable strain sensor with high sensitivity and stretchability for human motion detection - Haoxia Guo, Zhenming Chu, Luming Fu, Yongming Lv, Xiaoman Liu, Xiaoxing Fan, Wei Zhang (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Stretchable, ultrasensitive strain sensor with high-linearity by constructing crack-based dual conductive network - Haoze Yuan, Peixing Li, Xinyu Wang, Cheng Yu, Xin Wang, Jutao Sun (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Flexible pressure sensor based on 3D printing MXene@dual-scale porous polymer - Siqi Zhang, Wanqi Feng, Yu Jiang, Yunhe Li, Yanghang Liu, Dan Yu, Wei Wang (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

A graphene flexible pressure sensor based on a fabric-like groove structure for high-resolution tactile imaging - Xinyue Tang, Jun Yang, Jiayuan Luo, Guanyin Cheng, Bihao Sun, Zhen Zhou, Peijian Zhang, Dapeng Wei (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Simultaneously enhancing sensitivity and operation range of flexible pressure sensor by constructing a magnetic-guided microstructure in laser-induced graphene composite - Linna Mao, Taisong Pan, Lin Lin, Yizhen Ke, Hengjie Su, Yue Li, Wen Huang, Ting Li, Yuan Lin (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Shutters-Inspired metal ions coordination hydrogel Strain/Pressure sensor for joint behavior evaluation and flatfeet correction - Xiaoyu Guan, Yanxia Zhu, Bingyuan Zhang, Xuhui Sun, Mohammed A. Abosheasha, Chunwei Gong, Sai Zheng, Dongping Li, Qingxin Han, Meng An, Motoki Ueda, Yoshihiro Ito (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Fabrication method and various application scenarios of flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on direct formation of conical structure - Xi Wang, Ying Li, Ying Wang, Weichen Huang, Xuanmo Zhao, Kedi Chen, Fanchen Luo, Yafei Qin (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Freeze-drying induced gradient microporous composite film with high ionic conductivity for ultrasensitive wearable iontronic pressure sensor - Jie Li, Jiaqi Lu, Kaihang Zhang, Jianhui Wu, Chi Zhang, Xinyu Cai, Liangquan Xu, Zhen Cao, Yubo Li, Xiaozhi Wang, Hao Jin, Shurong Dong, Jikui Luo (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Effect of nano-filler/matrix interfacial friction on temperature-dependent fatigue property of flexible pressure sensor - Hai-Jiao Men, Yong-Wang Sun, Jian-Chang Li (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Highly-sensitive ultrathin flexible pressure sensor based on quasi-2D conductive network for human physiological signal monitoring - Lixia Li, Yuhang Liu, Zhihong Wang, Dongqi Wang, Kai Yang, Haiqing Hu, Shuyan Qi, Li Fang, Lijing Han, Ruoyu Zhang (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Ultrahigh sensitive and rapid-response self-powered flexible pressure sensor based on sandwiched piezoelectric composites - Chuan Cao, Peng Zhou, Jianqiao Wang, Miaoxuan Liu, Peng Wang, Yajun Qi, Tianjin Zhang (Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2024)

Conductive Peptide‐Based MXene Hydrogel as a Piezoresistive Sensor - Dana Cohen‐Gerassi, Or Messer, Gal Finkelstein‐Zuta, Moran Aviv, Bar Favelukis, Yosi Shacham‐Diamand, Maxim Sokol, Lihi Adler‐Abramovich (Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2024)
Abstract Wearable pressure sensors have become increasingly popular for personal healthcare and motion detection applications due to recent advances in materials science and functional nanomaterials. In this study, a novel composite hydrogel is presented as a sensitive piezoresistive sensor that can be utilized for various biomedical applications, such as wearable skin patches and integrated artificial skin that can measure pulse and blood pressure, as well as monitor sound as a self‐powered microphone. The hydrogel is composed of self‐assembled short peptides containing aromatic, positively‐ or negatively charged amino acids combined with 2D Ti 3 C 2 T z MXene nanosheets. This material is low‐cost, facile, reliable, and scalable for large areas while maintaining high sensitivity, a wide detection range, durability, oxidation stability, and biocompatibility. The bioinspired nanostructure, strong m echanical stability, and ease of functionalization make the assembled peptide‐based composite MXene‐hydrogel a promising and widely applicable material for use in bio‐related wearable electronics.

An Ionic Assisted Enhancement Strategy Enabled High Performance Flexible Pressure–Temperature Dual Sensor - Chenying He, Lie Wu, Guoqiang Gu, Lei Wei, Chunlei Yang, Ming Chen (Nano Letters, 2024)

Highly Sensitive Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor Based on a Multicross-Linked Dual-Network Ionic Hydrogel for Blood Pressure Monitoring Applications - Caixia Liu, Fei Ma, Qichang Sun, Qiusheng Hu, Wei Tong, Xu Guo, Ruohai Hu, Ping Liu, Ying Huang, Xingtong Hao, Wenzhi Ma, Yugang Zhang (ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024)

Experimental study of the in-situ fabrication of strain sensor with conductive adhesive to monitor the concrete structure - Hongzhi Cui, Lu Bai, Xiangpeng Cao, YU Shiheng (Construction and Building Materials, 2024)

A triboelectric nanogenerator based on flexible zwitterionic ionic conductive hydrogel for running training monitoring - Yang Yang, Yuanji Zhao (Materials & Design, 2024)

Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on Carbon Black/PVDF Nanocomposite - Victor K. Samoei, Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa, Keiichiro Sano (Chemical Science International Journal, 2024)
A piezoresistive flexible pressure sensor was fabricated using carbon black and Poly (vinylidene fluoride) (CB/PVDF) composite. The conductive CB/PVDF composite was prepared by a wet-cast method and deposited onto a flexible polyethylene (PE) substrate. The surface morphology, crystal structure, and material properties were studied using SEM and X-ray diffraction methods. This flexible pressure sensor was tested in a wide pressure range of about 0 - 76 kPa, and its response time was less than 0.43 s. The sensitivity, response time, and recovery time were studied for different pressures and vibration modes. The repeatability and reproducibility characteristics of the sensors were studied, and it was found that the sensors exhibited excellent characteristics. The sensor was subjected to different loading and unloading pressures, and the resistance of the sensor remained stable, indicating that the sensor had a high degree of reproducibility. Owing to its flexible properties and t he materials used, the proposed device can be applied in the next generation of smart sensors for biomedical, robotic, and automotive sensing applications.

Improvement of a flexible multimode pressure-strain sensor (FMPSS) for blueberry firmness tactile sensing and tamper-evident packaging - Wentao Huang, Jie Xia, Nuo Li, Hongliang Zhu, Xiaoshuan Zhang (Food Control, 2024)

Highly sensitive flexible graphene pressure sensor based on indocalamus leaves’ microstructure - Yuxiang Liu, Rihui Yao, Hao Huang, Jinyao Zhong, Yucheng Huang, Renxu Wu, Dongxiang Luo, Xianzhe Liu, Honglong Ning, Junbiao Peng (Surfaces and Interfaces, 2024)

Self-assembly of metal-organic framework (UIO-66-NO2) and MXene for wearable and high-performance flexible pressure sensor - Jiyan Zhang, Yan Huang, Xiyuan Xu, Yibo Wu, Hao Wang, Qisong Shi (Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024)

A highly sensitive, flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on strontium alginate with crater microstructure - Minghui Xu, Lizhu Guan, Jie Chen, Tianyu Hu, Zhichao Pang, Dongming Shi, Weiyu Wang (Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024)

Highly Sensitive and Breathability Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Based on Xylon - Yuxiang Qin, Bo Gao, Chuan Zhou (Advanced Materials Technologies, 2024)
Abstract In recent years, the prevalence of cervical spondylosis has been increasing, which is associated with unhealthy posture in daily life, flexible pressure sensors are beneficial in preventing cervical spine disorders. This work is dedicated to developing a flexible, high‐performance, and breathable device to monitor the health of the neck. Here, a flexible pressure sensor with a “sandwich” structure is presented, which incorporates patterned xylon fabric as the substrate and MXene as the sensitive layer. Furthermore, the application of silver nanowires (AgNWs) as the electrode material improves the piezoresistive performance. Combined with an internal elastic encapsulation method (IEEM), the sensor exhibits high sensitivity (1417.9 kPa −1 under pressure below 100 kPa) and a fast response time (30.77 ms). Compared with traditional flexible pressure sensors, the breathability of devices with an all‐fiber structure is nearly seven times higher, which better satisfies the monitoring requirements of long‐term wear. Finally, a wireless system is established by integrating a Bluetooth module and a terminal app. It enables monitoring and sensing of various physiological signals of the neck, as well as identification and alerting of long‐term poor posture such as prolonged neck flexion, showing a potential candidate for the applications of the next‐generation wearable device.

A Fully Printed Flexible Sensor Sheet for Simultaneous Proximity–Pressure–Temperature Detection - Huayu Luo, Gaoyang Pang, Kaichen Xu, Zhiqiu Ye, Huayong Yang, Geng Yang (Advanced Materials Technologies, 2024)

UV-Protective and Flexible Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Pressure Sensor for Outdoor Activity Monitoring - Hailian Liu, Ning Yang, Qi Zhang, Xin Yan, Xuenan Zhang, Xue Zhou, Yong Zhao, Tonglei Cheng (IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2024)

Highly sensitive flexible pressure sensor based on a 1D/2D hybrid aerogel - Hui Zhi, Xiaobo Zhang, Chunsheng Li, Zhenming Wang, Fengya Wang, Mingzhen Zhu, Peng Wan, Liang Feng (Materials Research Bulletin, 2024)

Hydrophobically Associated Hydrogel for High Sensitivity and Resolution of an Interdigital Electrode Pressure Sensor - Xuan Cao, Qinglong Cao, Taoyi Zhang, Wenxi Ji, Usman Muhammad, Jing Chen, Yun Wei (Biomacromolecules, 2024)

Antiferroelectric nano-heterostructures filler for improving energy storage performance of PVDF-based composite films - Huayang Zhu, Xiaohui Liu, Hairui Bai, Tongqing Yang (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Study of structural, optical, photoluminescence, dielectric, and conductivity properties of PVDF/PVP-SnO2 nanocomposites for optoelectronics and micro-supercapacitors - Hind Saeed Alzahrani, Hanaa Almaghamsi, S.A. Al-Balawi, A. Al Ojeery, Qana A. Alsulami, Norah Algethami, A. Rajeh (Journal of Energy Storage, 2024)

PVDF-HFP/SiO2 composite solid electrolyte enhanced by supramolecular self-assembly of cyclodextrin - Xi Zhang, Xin Wang, Hui Tang, Hao Shi (Journal of Energy Storage, 2024)

Enhanced magnetoelectric and energy storage performance of strain-modified PVDF-Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3-Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 nanocomposites - E. Venkata Ramana, A. Durairajan, D. Kavitha, D.M. Tobaldi, Janez Zavašnik, I. Bdikin, M.A. Valente (Journal of Energy Storage, 2024)

Advancing lithium-ion battery technology with electrospun PVDF-HFP/SiO2 nanocomposite electrolyte membrane and CuCo2O4 high-performance anode material - Chuanqi Zhang, Vundrala Sumedha Reddy, Seeram Ramakrishna (Journal of Energy Storage, 2024)

Appreciable amelioration in the dielectric and energy storage behavior of the electrospun fluoropolymer PVDF-HFP thick films: Effect of hot-pressing - Sudhanshu Dhumrash, Anamol Gautam, Ajeet Kumar, Nitin Jaglan, Poonam Uniyal (Journal of Energy Storage, 2024)

Conformable Shear Mode Transducers from Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramic Coatings: An Innovative Ultrasonic Solution for Submerged Structural Health Monitoring - Jie Yin, Voon‐Kean Wong, Qinwen Xu, Percis Teena Christopher Subhodayam, Yasmin Mohamed Yousry, Acharya Shashidhara, Jie Zhou, Ping Luo, Poh Chong Lim, FengXia Wei, David Boon Kiang Lim, Chengliang Sun, Kui Yao (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract Shear mode‐guided ultrasonic waves are highly regarded for submerged or subterranean structural health monitoring (SHM), owing to their non‐dispersive feature and minimized acoustic energy loss when in contact with liquid or solid. High‐performance shear mode ceramic ultrasonic transducers with robustness and cost‐effectiveness are highly demanded for underwater or underground SHM applications, especially in harsh environments. However, the implementation of discrete shear mode piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducers is hindered by the inconsistency with manual installation, lack of conformability on curved surfaces, and unreliable acoustic coupling between the transducers and the structure. Here, direct‐write conformable shear mode ultrasonic transducers made from piezoelectric lead‐free ceramic coatings, which are in situ produced on steel structures by a scalable thermal spray process, are proposed. The obtained lead‐free lithium‐doped p otassium sodium niobate (KNN‐LN) ceramic coatings exhibit a high effective shear piezoelectric strain coefficient ( d 24, f ) above 60 pm V −1 in a broad frequency range from 100 Hz to 200 kHz. The resulting conformable shear mode KNN‐LN ceramic coating transducers successfully showcase the functions of exciting and detecting stable shear mode ultrasonic wave signals with operation temperature exceeding 200 °C and demonstrate reliable capability in defect detection in both air and liquid environments.

Unlocking enhanced piezoelectric performance through 3D printing of particle-free ceramic piezoelectric complex structures and metamaterials - Tamar Rosental, Gabriele Gatani, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, Carlo Ricciardi, Daria Savraeva, Ayelet Bunin, May Yam Moshkovitz-Douvdevany, Shlomo Magdassi, Stefano Stassi (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Co-fired lead-free piezoceramic multilayer actuators with ultrahigh electro-strain and remarkable comprehensive properties - Binquan Wang, Jie Wang, Hongjie Zhang, Yiping Guo (Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024)

Piezo-tribo-electric nanogenerator based on BCZT/MCNTs/PDMS piezoelectric composite for compressive energy harvesting - Natthawadi Buatip, Dhanunjaya Munthala, Penphitcha Amonpattaratkit, Phakkhananan Pakawanit, Xiao Hu, Watcharin Jongpinit, Pattanaphong Janphuang, Chaoying Wan, Chris Bowen, Soodkhet Pojprapai (Materials Research Bulletin, 2024)

Enhancing β-phase and dielectric properties of BCZT lead-free reinforced in PVDF-HFP composite thick films for eco-friendly energy harvesting - Salesabil Labihi, Adil Eddiai, Mounir El Achaby, Mohamed Rguiti, M'hammed Mazroui (Ceramics International, 2024)

Synergistic degradation of polystyrene nanoplastics in water: Harnessing solar and water-driven energy through a Z-scheme SnO2/g-C3N4/PVDF-HFP piezo-photocatalytic system - Arezou Fazli, Simone Lauciello, Rosaria Brescia, Ricardo Carzino, Athanassia Athanassiou, Despina Fragouli (Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy, 2024)

Piezo-Fenton catalysis in Fe3O4-BaTiO3 nanocomposites: A low-cost and highly efficient degradation method without the additive of H2O2 or Fe(II) ions - Jiaxing Xie, Qun Liu, Lijuan Huang, Xingyu Chen, Chunlin Zhao, Xiao Wu, Tengfei Lin, Yong Wu, Min Gao, Cong Lin (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Boosting tetracycline degradation of BaTiO3-based piezo-catalysts via modulating phase boundary and band structure - Runtian Xu, Zhiyong Liu, Bing Xie, Longlong Shu, Biaolin Peng (Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2024)

Boosting piezo-photocatalytic activity in CuBi2O4/NaNbO3 by coupling it with PVDF for organic pollutant degradation - Karthik Dilly Rajan, Ganesh Vattikondala, Maheswaran Rathinam (Solar Energy, 2024)

Piezo-enhanced photocatalysis of MoS2/Bi4O5Br2/PVDF-HFP film for wastewater purification - Tingting Yu, Huilin Guo, Jiahe Yu, Chenyu Yang, Arramel, Jizhou Jiang (Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024)

Highly Conductive and Stable Composite Polymer Electrolyte with Boron Nitride Nanotubes for All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries - Qian He, Xiongxiong Liu, Guang Xiao, Xuhua He, Wenbin Gong, Lingfei Tang, Qi Chen, Qichong Zhang, Yagang Yao (Small, 2024)
Abstract All‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have emerged as the most promising next‐generation energy storage devices. However, the unsatisfactory ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes at room temperature has impeded the advancement of solid‐state batteries. In this work, a multifunctional composite solid electrolyte (CSE) is developed by incorporating boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) into polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP). BNNTs, with a high aspect ratio, trigger the dissociation of Li salts, thus generating a greater population of mobile Li + , and establishing long‐distance Li + transport pathways. PVDF‐HFP/BNNT exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 8.0 × 10 −4 S cm −1 at room temperature and a Li + transference number of 0.60. Moreover, a Li//Li symmetric cell based on PVDF‐HFP/BNNT demonstrates robust cyclic perfor mance for 3400 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm −2 . The ASSLMB formed from the assembly of PVDF‐HFP/BNNT with LiFePO 4 and Li exhibits a capacity retention of 93.2% after 850 cycles at 0.5C and 25 °C. The high‐voltage all‐solid‐state LiCoO 2 /Li cell based on PVDF‐HFP/BNNT also exhibits excellent cyclic performance, maintaining a capacity retention of 96.4% after 400 cycles at 1C and 25 °C. Furthermore, the introduction of BNNTs is shown to enhance the thermal conductivity and flame retardancy of the CSE.

Pyroelectric energy harvesting, storage properties and electrocaloric effect of BNBT-ST ferroelectric ceramics - Issa Kriaa, Ahmed Maalej (Journal of Energy Storage, 2024)

Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect of PVDF-based Polymer Composite with Surface Modified AlN - Haitao Jiang, Rui Peng, Yuhong Zhu, Dae-Yong Jeong, Baojin Chu (ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024)

Multifunctional lead-free piezoelectric (Ba,Ca)(Zr,Ti)O3 compounds: From energy harvesting to electrocaloric cooling and energy storage applications - Indrani Coondoo, Robert C. Pullar, Georgina Miranda (Materials Research Bulletin, 2024)

Radiative cooling materials prepared by SiO2 aerogel microspheres@PVDF-HFP nanofilm for building cooling and thermal insulation - Yunhe Li, Xun Zhang, Tao Zhang, Yixiang Chen, Siqi Zhang, Dan Yu, Wei Wang (Ceramics International, 2024)

An in-depth comparison of dielectric, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, energy storage, electrocaloric, and piezocatalytic properties of Ba0.92Ca0.08Zr0.09Ti0.91O3 and Ba0.92Ca0.08Sn0.09Ti0.91O3 piezoceramics - Vartika Khandelwal, Piyush Siroha, S. Satapathy, Bijender, Charanjeet Singh, Ashok Kumar, Surendra Kumar, S.K. Majumder, Ramovatar, Neeraj Panwar (Ceramics International, 2024)

Development of Microparticle Implanted PVDF-HF Polymer Coating on Building Material for Daytime Radiative Cooling - Usman Saeed, Mohamed Mahfoodh Saleh Altamimi, Hamad Al-Turaif (Polymers, 2024)
A passive cooling method with great potential to lower space-cooling costs, counteract the urban heat island effect, and slow down worldwide warming is radiant cooling. The solutions available frequently require complex layered structures, costly products, or a reflective layer of metal to accomplish daytime radiative cooling, which restricts their applications in many avenues. Furthermore, single-layer paints have been used in attempts to accomplish passive daytime radiative cooling, but these usually require a compact coating or only exhibit limited cooling in daytime. In our study, we investigated and evaluated in daytime the surrounding cooling outcome with aid of one layer coating composed of BaSO4/TiO2 microparticles in various concentrations implanted in the PVDF-HF polymers on a concrete substrate. The 30% BaSO4/TiO2 microparticle in the PVDF-HF coating shows less solar absorbance and excessive emissivity. The value of solar reflectance is improved by employing micro-po res in the structure of PVDF polymers without noticeable effect on thermal emissivity. The 30% BaSO4/TiO2/PVDF coating is accountable for the hydrophobicity and proportionate solar reflection in the UV band, resulting in efficient solar reflectivity of about 95.0%, with emissivity of 95.1% and hydrophobicity exhibiting a 117.1° water contact angle. Also, the developed coating could cool to about 5.1 °C and 3.9 °C below the surrounding temperature beneath the average solar irradiance of 900 W/m−2. Finally, the results demonstrate that the 30% BaSO4/TiO2/PVDF-HF microparticle coating illustrates a typical figure of merit of 0.60 and is also capable of delivering outstanding dependability and harmony with the manufacturing process.

Benchmarking the reproducibility of all-solid-state battery cell performance - Sebastian Puls, Elina Nazmutdinova, Fariza Kalyk, Henry M. Woolley, Jesper Frost Thomsen, Zhu Cheng, Adrien Fauchier‐Magnan, Ajay Gautam, Michael Gockeln, So‐Yeon Ham, Md Toukir Hasan, Min‐Gi Jeong, Daiki Hiraoka, Jong Seok Kim, Tobias Kutsch, Barthélémy Lelotte, Philip Minnmann, Vanessa Miß, Kota Motohashi, Douglas Lars Nelson (Nature Energy, 2024)
Abstract The interlaboratory comparability and reproducibility of all-solid-state battery cell cycling performance are poorly understood due to the lack of standardized set-ups and assembly parameters. This study quantifies the extent of this variability by providing commercially sourced battery materials—LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 for the positive electrode, Li 6 PS 5 Cl as the solid electrolyte and indium for the negative electrode—to 21 research groups. Each group was asked to use their own cell assembly protocol but follow a specific electrochemical protocol. The results show large variability in assembly and electrochemical performance, including differences in processing pressures, pressing durations and In-to-Li ratios. Despite this, an initial open circuit voltage of 2.5 and 2.7 V vs Li + /Li is a good predictor of successful cycling for cells using these electroactive materials. We suggest a set of parameters for reporting all-solid-state battery cycling results and advocate f or reporting data in triplicate.

Substantial oxygen loss and chemical expansion in lithium-rich layered oxides at moderate delithiation - Peter M. Csernica, Kit McColl, Grace M. Busse, Kipil Lim, Diego F Rivera, David A. Shapiro, M. Saiful Islam, William C. Chueh (Nature Materials, 2024)

Safety Issues and Improvement Measures of Ni-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries - Baichuan Cui, Zhenxue Xiao, Shao‐Lun Cui, Sheng Liu, Xueping Gao, Guoran Li (Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 2024)
Abstract Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials hold great promise for enhancing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their impressive specific capacity. However, the chemical and structural stability issues associated with the materials containing a high Ni content have emerged as a primary safety concern, particularly in the context of traction batteries for electric vehicles. Typically, when these materials are in a highly charged state, their metastable layered structure and highly oxidized transition metal ions can trigger detrimental phase transitions. This leads to the generation of oxygen gas and the degradation of the material’s microstructure, including the formation of cracks, which can promote the interactions between Ni-rich materials and electrolytes, further generating flammable gases. Consequently, various strategies have been devised at the material level to mitigate potential safety hazards. This review begins by providing an in-depth exploration of the sources of instability in Ni-rich layered oxides, drawing from their crystal and electronic structures, and subsequently outlines the safety issues that arise as a result. Subsequently, it delves into recent advancements and approaches aiming at modifying Ni-rich cathode materials and electrolytes to enhance safety. The primary objective of this review is to offer a concise and comprehensive understanding of why Ni-rich cathode materials are susceptible to safety incidents and to present potential methods for improving the safety of Ni-rich cathode materials in high-density LIBs. Graphical Abstract Safety risk origin of Ni-rich cathode materials, potential safety issues, and possible measures to improve safety are summarized.

Lithium-Ion Charged Polymer Channels Flattening Lithium Metal Anode - Haofan Duan, Yu You, Gang Wang, Xiangze Ou, Jin Wen, Qiao Huang, Pengbo Lyu, Yaru Liang, Qingyu Li, Jianyu Huang, Yunxiao Wang, Huan Liu, Shi Xue Dou, Wei‐Hong Lai (Nano-Micro Letters, 2024)
Abstract The concentration difference in the near-surface region of lithium metal is the main cause of lithium dendrite growth. Resolving this issue will be key to achieving high-performance lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Herein, we construct a lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 )-implanted electroactive β phase polyvinylidene fluorideco -hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) crystalline polymorph layer (PHL). The electronegatively charged polymer chains attain lithium ions on the surface to form lithium-ion charged channels. These channels act as reservoirs to sustainably release Li ions to recompense the ionic flux of electrolytes, decreasing the growth of lithium dendrites. The stretched molecular channels can also accelerate the transport of Li ions. The combined effects enable a high Coulombic efficiency of 97.0% for 250 cycles in lithium (Li)||copper (Cu) cell and a stable symmetric plating/stripping behavior over 2000 h at 3 mA cm −2 with ultrahigh Li utilization of 50%. Furthermore, the full ce ll coupled with PHL-Cu@Li anode and LiFePO 4 cathode exhibits long-term cycle stability with high-capacity retention of 95.9% after 900 cycles. Impressively, the full cell paired with LiNi 0.87 Co 0.1 Mn 0.03 O 2 maintains a discharge capacity of 170.0 mAh g −1 with a capacity retention of 84.3% after 100 cycles even under harsh condition of ultralow N/P ratio of 0.83. This facile strategy will widen the potential application of LiNO 3 in ester-based electrolyte for practical high-voltage LMBs.

Quantitative analysis of sodium metal deposition and interphase in Na metal batteries - Baharak Sayahpour, Weikang Li, Shuang Bai, Bingyu Lu, Bing Han, Yu‐Ting Chen, Grayson Deysher, Saurabh Parab, Phillip Ridley, Ganesh Raghavendran, Long H. B. Nguyen, Minghao Zhang, Ying Shirley Meng (Energy & Environmental Science, 2024)
Sodium-ion batteries exhibit significant promise as a viable alternative to current lithium-ion technologies owing to their sustainability, low cost per energy density, reliability, and safety.

Lignin Derived Ultrathin All‐Solid Polymer Electrolytes with 3D Single‐Ion Nanofiber Ionic Bridge Framework for High Performance Lithium Batteries - Yuhan Liu, Pinhui Wang, Zhenyue Yang, Liying Wang, Zhangnan Li, Chengzhe Liu, Baijun Liu, Zhao‐Yan Sun, Hanwen Pei, Zhongyuan Lv, Wei Hu, Yunfeng Lu, Guangshan Zhu (Advanced Materials, 2024)
Abstract The lignin derived ultrathin all‐solid composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) with a thickness of only 13.2 µm, which possess 3D nanofiber ionic bridge networks composed of single‐ion lignin‐based lithium salt (L‐Li) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐ co ‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) as the framework, and poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PEO/LiTFSI) as the filler, is obtained through electrospinning/spraying and hot‐pressing. t. The Li‐symmetric cell assembled with the CPE can stably cycle more than 6000 h under 0.5 mA cm −2 with little Li dendrites growth. Moreover, the assembled Li||CPE||LiFePO 4 cells can stably cycle over 700 cycles at 0.2 C with a super high initial discharge capacity of 158.5 mAh g −1 at room temperature, and a favorable capacity of 123 mAh g −1 at −20 °C for 250 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance is mainly attributed to the reason that the nanofiber ionic bridge network can afford uniformly dispersed single‐ion L‐Li through electrospinning, which synergizes with the LiTFSI well dispersed in PEO to form abundant and efficient 3D Li + transfer channels. The ultrathin CPE induces uniform deposition of Li + at the interface, and effectively inhibit the lithium dendrites. This work provides a promising strategy to achieve ultrathin biobased electrolytes for solid‐state lithium ion batteries.

Super‐Ionic Conductor Soft Filler Promotes Li+ Transport in Integrated Cathode–Electrolyte for Solid‐State Battery at Room Temperature - Binbin Yang, Chenglong Deng, Nan Chen, Fengling Zhang, Kaikai Hu, Boshun Gui, Liyuan Zhao, Feng Wu, Renjie Chen (Advanced Materials, 2024)
Abstract Composite polymer solid electrolytes (CPEs), possessing good rigid flexible, are expected to be used in solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries. The integration of fillers into polymer matrices emerges as a dominant strategy to improve Li + transport and form a Li + ‐conducting electrode–electrolyte interface. However, challenges arise as traditional fillers: 1) inorganic fillers, characterized by high interfacial energy, induce agglomeration; 2) organic fillers, with elevated crystallinity, impede intrinsic ionic conductivity, both severely hindering Li + migration. Here, a concept of super‐ionic conductor soft filler, utilizing a Li + conductivity nanocellulose (Li‐NC) as a model, is introduced which exhibits super‐ionic conductivity. Li‐NC anchors anions, and enhances Li + transport speed, and assists in the integration of cathode–electrolyte electrodes for room temperature solid‐state batteries. The tough dual‐channel Li + transport electrolyte (TDCT) with Li‐NC and polyvinyli dene fluoride (PVDF) demonstrates a high Li + transfer number (0.79) due to the synergistic coordination mechanism in Li + transport. Integrated electrodes’ design enables stable performance in LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 |Li cells, with 720 cycles at 0.5 C, and 88.8% capacity retention. Furthermore, the lifespan of Li|TDCT|Li cells over 4000 h and Li‐rich Li 1.2 Ni 0.13 Co 0.13 Mn 0.54 O 2 |Li cells exhibits excellent performance, proving the practical application potential of soft filler for high energy density solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries at room temperature.

Navigating the Carbon Maze: A Roadmap to Effective Carbon Conductive Networks for Lithium‐Ion Batteries - Julian F. Baumgärtner, Kostiantyn V. Kravchyk, Maksym V. Kovalenko (Advanced Energy Materials, 2024)
Abstract Conductive networks are integral components in Li‐ion battery electrodes, serving the dual function of providing electrons to the active material while its porosity ensures Li‐ion electrolyte accessibility to deliver and release Li‐ions, thereby ultimately determining the electrochemical performance of the battery. In the realm of academic research, the task of fabricating an electrode endowed with an effective conductive network has emerged as a daunting challenge, profoundly influencing a researcher's ability to showcase the intrinsic electrochemical performance of an active material. In the diverse landscape of conductive additives for battery electrodes, researchers are faced with a myriad of options when deciding on the appropriate additive and optimal electrode preparation methodology. This review seeks to provide a fundamental understanding and practical guidelines for designing battery electrodes with effective conductive networks across various length scales. This inv olves the meticulous selection of specific carbon conductive additives from the plethora of options and the exploration of methods for their effective integration into the electrode, all tailored to the unique characteristics of the active materials and the specific research objectives.

Unlocking Performance: The Transformative Influence of Single Atom Catalysts on Advanced Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Design - Sandip Maiti, Matthew T. Curnan, Keon‐Woo Kim, Kakali Maiti, Jin Kon Kim (Advanced Energy Materials, 2024)
Abstract Theoretically, lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries are highly promising candidates for renewable energy applications, given their scalable energy density and low cost. However, their current practical performance is limited below theoretical expectations, despite attempts to accommodate volumetric expansion and improve electrical conductivity with porous S‐anchoring supports. Battery performance is primarily rate‐limited by the sluggish redox and conversion reaction kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPS), which respectively transform into lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and elemental S through charging and discharging galvanostatic cycles. Given their strong electrocatalytic performance and other pertinent benefits, recent research highlights single‐atom catalysts (SACs) as candidates for enhancing Li‐S batteries. Thus, this review summarizes contemporary advancements regarding SAC implementation in Li‐S batteries, primarily emphasizing catalyst morphology, battery performance, and mech anistic elucidation. More specifically, separators and cathodes can be engineered via SACs to better anchor LiPS and improve their reductive kinetics, thereby inhibiting the “shuttle effect” known to impact Li‐S batteries. In addition, SACs can be modulated with functional groups to synergistically improve performance, enabling higher S loadings and redistributing transferred charge. Overall, SACs conspicuously boost Li‐S battery performance, justifying further research toward their implementation in Li‐S batteries.

High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Ionic Covalent Organic Framework Composites - Jun Huang, Cheng Lei, Zhenyang Zhang, Chen Li, Ki‐Taek Bang, Albert Liem, Hang Luo, Chuan Hu, Young Moo Lee, Yingying Lü, Yanming Wang, Yoonseob Kim (Advanced Energy Materials, 2024)
Abstract Ionic covalent organic frameworks (iCOFs) are crystalline materials with stable porous structures. They hold great potential for ion transport, particularly as solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) for all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). However, achieving an ionic conductivity of over 10 −3 S cm −1 at room temperature using pure‐iCOF‐based SSEs, even adding additives such as lithium salts, is challenging as the voids work as strong resistances. Thus, highly conductive iCOFs typically require quasi‐solid‐state configurations with organic solvents or plasticizers. In this study, composites comprising iCOFs and poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) are prepared to make all‐solid‐state iCOFs electrolytes with an exceptional ionic conductivity up to 1.50 × 10 −3 S cm −1 and a high Li + transference number of > 0.80 at room temperature. Combined experimental and computational studies show that the co‐coordination and competitive coordination mechanism established between the PIL, li thium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), and iCOFs enabled rapid Li + transport while restricting TFSI − movement. ASSLMB cells, made of composite SSEs and LiFePO 4 composite cathode, demonstrate an initial discharge capacity of 141.5 mAh g −1 at 1C and r.t., with an impressive capacity retention of 87% up to 800 cycles. Overall, this work presents a breakthrough approach for developing advanced SSEs for next‐generation high‐energy‐density ASSLMBs.

A 30‐year overview of sodium‐ion batteries - Yun Gao, Hang Zhang, Jian Peng, Lin Li, Yao Xiao, Li Li, Yang Liu, Yun Qiao, Shulei Chou (Carbon Energy, 2024)
Abstract Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the similar properties of the Li and Na elements as well as the abundance and accessibility of Na resources. Most of the current research has been focused on the half‐cell system (using Na metal as the counter electrode) to evaluate the performance of the cathode/anode/electrolyte. The relationship between the performance achieved in half cells and that obtained in full cells, however, has been neglected in much of this research. Additionally, the trade‐off in the relationship between electrochemical performance and cost needs to be given more consideration. Therefore, systematic and comprehensive insights into the research status and key issues for the full‐cell system need to be gained to advance its commercialization. Consequently, this review evaluates the recent progress based on various cathodes and highlights the most significant challenges for full cell s. Several strategies have also been proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance of NIBs, including designing electrode materials, optimizing electrolytes, sodium compensation, and so forth. Finally, perspectives and outlooks are provided to guide future research on sodium‐ion full cells.

Recycled graphite for more sustainable lithium‐ion batteries - Mayokun Olutogun, Anna Vanderbruggen, Christoph Frey, Martin Rudolph, Dominic Bresser, Stefano Passerini (Carbon Energy, 2024)
Abstract The demand for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is driven largely by their use in electric vehicles, which is projected to increase dramatically in the future. This great success, however, urgently calls for the efficient recycling of LIBs at the end of their life. Herein, we describe a froth flotation‐based process to recycle graphite—the predominant active material for the negative electrode—from spent LIBs and investigate its reuse in newly assembled LIBs. It has been found that the structure and morphology of the recycled graphite are essentially unchanged compared to pristine commercial anode‐grade graphite, and despite some minor impurities from the recycling process, the recycled graphite provides a remarkable reversible specific capacity of more than 350 mAh g −1 . Even more importantly, newly assembled graphite‖NMC 532 cells show excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 80% after 1000 cycles, that is, comparable to the performance of reference full cells c omprising pristine commercial graphite.

Hierarchical Yolk‐Shell Silicon/Carbon Anode Materials Enhanced by Vertical Graphene Sheets for Commercial Lithium‐Ion Battery Applications - Peilun Yu, Zhenwei Li, Dongcan Zhang, Qi Xiong, Jie Yu, Chunyi Zhi (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract Yolk‐shell structured silicon/carbon (YS‐Si/C) anode materials show promise for commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high specific capacity and excellent cycling life. However, their commercialization has not been realized despite nearly a decade of research, primarily due to poor mechanical strength, limited rate capability, and low energy density. This study reports a hierarchical YS‐Si/C anode material synthesized via thermal chemical vapor deposition for the growth of vertical graphene sheets (VGSs), polymer self‐assembly, and one‐step carbonization, which establishes connections between the Si core and carbon shell through VGSs, enhancing the electrochemical and mechanical characteristics of the YS‐Si/C material. The unique material outperforms VGSs‐free composites, which presents a high specific capacity of 1683.2 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C, excellent rate performance of 552.2 mAh g −1 at 10 C, and superior capacity retention of 80.1% after 1000 cycles. When m atched with LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 cathodes, the ampere‐hour‐level pouch cell delivers high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of 429.2 Wh kg −1 and 1083 Wh L −1 , respectively. Finite element analysis shows that VGSs reduce stress concentration on the carbon shell, helping hollow materials withstand industrial electrode calendaring. This work demonstrates potential for the commercial application of YS‐Si/C anode materials in practical LIBs.

Tailoring the Function of Battery Separators via the Design of MOF Coatings - Liyuan Zhou, Hongwei Pan, Guijie Yin, Yang Xiang, Pingping Tan, Li Xu, Yinzhu Jiang, Maowen Xu, Xuan Zhang (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract Separators serve as critical components in batteries, bearing the responsibility for battery safety. In addition to the demand for increased flame resistance of separators, there is a growing interest in the additional functions of battery separators. In this work, a multifunctional coating integration strategy is proposed for battery separators via the versatility of metal–organic frameworks. A versatile and high‐safety MIP‐202@2320 composite separator is engineered and it is integrated into lithium–sulfur batteries. The presence of Cl − and the porous structure of MIP‐202 impart flame‐retardant characteristics and high electrolyte retention (80%) to resulting separators. Moreover, coupled with the negatively charged electron cloud formed by Cl − ions within the channels, it can selectively impede the polysulfides from migrating toward the anode, while concurrently facilitating the movement of Li + ions. The assembled lithium–sulfur battery with MIP‐202@2320 as the separator maintains an impressive 71.8% capacity retention even after 600 cycles at a 0.5C rate. This multifunctional integration strategy not only boosts the performance of lithium–sulfur batteries but also pioneers a new direction for the design of future battery separators for different kinds of batteries.

Silicon Solid State Battery: The Solid‐State Compatibility, Particle Size, and Carbon Compositing for High Energy Density - Farshad Boorboor Ajdari, Parnaz Asghari, Ali Molaei Aghdam, Fereshteh Abbasi, R. Prasada Rao, Aliakbar Abbasi, Fatemeh Ghasemi, Seeram Ramakrishna, Nima Mikaeili Chahartagh (Advanced Functional Materials, 2024)
Abstract Solid‐state battery research has gained significant attention due to their inherent safety and high energy density. Silicon anodes have been promoted for their advantageous characteristics, including high volumetric capacity, low lithiation potential, high theoretical and specific gravimetric capacity, and the absence of lethal dendritic growth. Addressing concerns such as low conductivity, pulverization, fracture, dense solid electrolyte interface layer, and low coulombic efficiency has substantially improved the use of silicon electrodes in solid‐state batteries. Researchers have explored carbon additions, solid electrolyte suitability for Si anodes, pressure optimization, and particle size effects (nano/micro) to enhance energy density. Recent studies have investigated the conductivity mechanism, stack pressure, and anode‐solid electrolyte compatibility to improve energy density. Micro‐ and nano‐sized silicon have attracted attention in carbon‐based composites due to their exceptional conductivity, uniform distribution, efficient electron migration, and diffusion channels. The development of solid‐state batteries with high energy density, safety, and extended lifespan has been a major focus. This review sheds light on significant insights and strategic approaches for researchers working on solid‐state silicon‐based systems to overcome existing challenges.

Construction of flexible asymmetric composite polymer electrolytes for high-voltage lithium metal batteries with superior performance - Yan Chai, De Ning, Dong Zhou, Jiansheng Gao, Jialun Ni, Gaoyuan Zhang, Rui Gao, Wei Wu, Jun Wang, Yongli Li (Nano Energy, 2024)
The primary obstacle hindering the application of composite solid electrolytes lies in the varying demands posed by the Li metal anode and the cathode, which needs to be capable of suppressing dendrite growth and resisting high voltage simultaneously. In this work, a new asymmetric composite solid-state electrolyte prepared via electrospinning and in-situ polymerization is proposed to address these shortcomings. In this bilayer architecture, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) layer of high-voltage tolerance, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) layer of robust mechanical strength and good compatibility towards Li-anode are constructed, and metal-organic-frameworks (MOFs) are pre-embedded within both layers. The unique design provides a wide electrochemical stability window meanwhile ensures uniform lithium deposition. Remarkably, it exhibits a superior lithium utilization of 41 mAh cm −2 using a lean polymer electrolyte precursor and a high critical current density of 2.2 mA cm −2 with a thickness of 40 μm. Beneficial from the formation of a self-adjustable gradient solid electrolyte interphase in the Li/PVDF-HFP interface, the asymmetric electrolyte endows Li||Li and Li||NCM811 cells with excellent cycling stability. Moreover, the solid-state pouch cell exhibits reliable operation under extreme conditions. This work provides inspiration for the design and fabrication of composite solid electrolytes for next-generation high-voltage Li metal batteries .

The Versatile Establishment of Charge Storage in Polymer Solid Electrolyte with Enhanced Charge Transfer for LiF‐Rich SEI Generation in Lithium Metal Batteries - Weizhong Liang, Xuanyi Zhou, Biao Zhang, Zishao Zhao, Xin Song, Ke Chen, Li Wang, Zengsheng Ma, Jun Liu (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2024)
Abstract The solid‐state electrolyte interface (SEI) between the solid‐state polymer electrolyte and the lithium metal anode dramatically affects the overall battery performance. Increasing the content of lithium fluoride (LiF) in SEI can help the uniform deposition of lithium and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, thus improving the cycle stability performance of lithium batteries. Currently, most methods of constructing LiF SEI involve decomposing the lithium salt by the polar groups of the filler. However, there is a lack of research reports on how to affect the SEI layer of Li‐ion batteries by increasing the charge transfer number. In this study, a porous organic polymer with “charge storage” properties was prepared and doped into a polymer composite solid electrolyte to study the effect of sufficient charge transfer on the decomposition of lithium salts. The results show in contrast to porphyrins, the unique structure of POF allows for charge transfer between each individual porphyrin. Therefore, during TFSI − decomposition to the formation of LiF, TFSI − can obtain sufficient charge, thereby promoting the break of C−F and forming the LiF‐rich SEI. Compared with single porphyrin (0.423 e − ), POF provides 2.7 times more charge transfer to LiTFSI (1.147 e − ). The experimental results show that Li//Li symmetric batteries equipped with PEO‐POF can be operated stably for more than 2700 h at 60 °C. Even the Li//Li (45 μm) symmetric cells are stable for more than 1100 h at 0.1 mA cm −1 . In addition, LiFePO 4 //PEO‐POF//Li batteries have excellent cycling performance at 2 C (80 % capacity retention after 750 cycles). Even LiFePO 4 //PEO‐POF//Li (45 μm) cells have excellent cycling performance at 1 C (96 % capacity retention after 300 cycles). Even when the PEO‐base is replaced with a PEG‐base and a PVDF‐base, the performance of the cell is still significantly improved. Therefore, we believe that the concept of charge transfer offers a novel perspective for the preparation of high‐performance assemblies.

Robust bilayer solid electrolyte interphase for Zn electrode with high utilization and efficiency - Yahan Meng, Mingming Wang, Jiazhi Wang, Xuehai Huang, Xiang Zhou, Muhammad Sajid, Zehui Xie, Ruihao Luo, Zhengxin Zhu, Zuodong Zhang, Nawab Ali Khan, Yu Wang, Zhenyu Li, Wei Chen (Nature Communications, 2024)
Abstract Construction of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) of zinc (Zn) electrode is an effective strategy to stabilize Zn electrode/electrolyte interface. However, single-layer SEIs of Zn electrodes undergo rupture and consequent failure during repeated Zn plating/stripping. Here, we propose the construction of a robust bilayer SEI that simultaneously achieves homogeneous Zn 2+ transport and durable mechanical stability for high Zn utilization rate (ZUR) and Coulombic efficiency (CE) of Zn electrode by adding 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone as a representative electrolyte additive. This bilayer SEI on Zn surface consists of a crystalline ZnCO 3 -rich outer layer and an amorphous ZnS-rich inner layer. The ordered outer layer improves the mechanical stability during cycling, and the amorphous inner layer homogenizes Zn 2+ transport for homogeneous, dense Zn deposition. As a result, the bilayer SEI enables reversible Zn plating/stripping for 4800 cycles with an average CE of 99.95% (± 0.06%). Meanwhile, Zn | |Zn symmetric cells show durable lifetime for over 550 h with a high ZUR of 98% under an areal capacity of 28.4 mAh cm −2 . Furthermore, the Zn full cells based on the bilayer SEI functionalized Zn negative electrodes coupled with different positive electrodes all exhibit stable cycling performance under high ZUR.

Delocalized electronic engineering of TiNb2O7 enables low temperature capability for high-areal-capacity lithium-ion batteries - Yan Zhang, Yingjie Wang, Wei Zhao, Pengjian Zuo, Yujin Tong, Geping Yin, Tong Zhu, Shuaifeng Lou (Nature Communications, 2024)
Abstract High areal capacity and low-temperature ability are critical for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the practical operation is seriously impeded by the sluggish rates of mass and charge transfer. Herein, the active electronic states of TiNb 2 O 7 material is modulated by dopant and O-vacancies for enhanced low-temperature dynamics. Femtosecond laser-based transient absorption spectroscopy is employed to depict carrier dynamics of TiNb 2 O 7 , which verifies the localized structure polarization accounting for reduced transport overpotential, facilitated electron/ion transport, and improved Li + adsorption. At high-mass loading of 10 mg cm −2 and −30 °C, TNO - x @N microflowers exhibit stable cycling performance with 92.9% capacity retention over 250 cycles at 1 C (1.0-3.0 V, 1 C = 250 mA g −1 ). Even at −40 °C, a competitive areal capacity of 1.32 mAh cm −2 can be achieved. Such a fundamental understanding of the intrinsic structure-function put forward a rational viewpoint for designing high-areal-capacity batteries in cold regions.

Characterisation and modelling of potassium-ion batteries - Shobhan Dhir, John Cattermull, Ben Jagger, Maximilian Schart, Lorenz F. Olbrich, Yifan Chen, Junyi Zhao, K. Sada, Andrew L. Goodwin, Mauro Pasta (Nature Communications, 2024)
Abstract Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are emerging as a promising alternative technology to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their significantly reduced dependency on critical minerals. KIBs may also present an opportunity for superior fast-charging compared to LIBs, with significantly faster K-ion electrolyte transport properties already demonstrated. In the absence of a viable K-ion electrolyte, a full-cell KIB rate model in commercial cell formats is required to determine the fast-charging potential for KIBs. However, a thorough and accurate characterisation of the critical electrode material properties determining rate performance—the solid state diffusivity and exchange current density—has not yet been conducted for the leading KIB electrode materials. Here, we accurately characterise the effective solid state diffusivities and exchange current densities of the graphite negative electrode and potassium manganese hexacyanoferrate $${{{{\rm{K}}}}}_{2}{{{\rm{Mn}}}}[{{{\rm{Fe}}}} {({{{\rm{CN}}}})}_{6}]$$ K 2 Mn [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] (KMF) positive electrode, through a combination of optimised material design and state-of-the-art analysis. Finally, we present a Doyle-Fuller-Newman model of a KIB full cell with realistic geometry and loadings, identifying the critical materials properties that limit their rate capability.

Design of Electrodes and Electrolytes for Silicon‐Based Anode Lithium‐Ion Batteries - Xiaoyi Chen, Bin Wang, Y.D. Ye, Jin Liang, Jie Kong (Energy & environment materials, 2024)
The development of lithium‐ion batteries with high‐energy densities is substantially hampered by the graphite anode's low theoretical capacity (372 mAh g −1 ). There is an urgent need to explore novel anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. Silicon (Si), the second‐largest element outside of Earth, has an exceptionally high specific capacity (3579 mAh g −1 ), regarded as an excellent choice for the anode material in high‐capacity lithium‐ion batteries. However, it is low intrinsic conductivity and volume amplification during service status, prevented it from developing further. These difficulties can be successfully overcome by incorporating carbon into pure Si systems to form a composite anode and constructing a buffer structure. This review looks at the diffusion mechanism, various silicon‐based anode material configurations (including sandwich, core‐shell, yolk‐shell, and other 3D mesh/porous structures), as well as the appropriate binders and electrolytes. Finally, a summary and viewpoints are offered on the characteristics and structural layout of various structures, metal/non‐metal doping, and the compatibility and application of various binders and electrolytes for silicon‐based anodes. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the research and development of silicon‐based carbon anodes for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries, as well as their integration with binders and electrolyte.

Dual functional composite solid electrolyte constructed by double-layer sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES)/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofiber membrane in high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries - Qi Yang, Mingmin Liao, Pengfei Ren, Daiqi Li, Nanping Deng, Weimin Kang, Guangming Cai (Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024)

Electrochemical recycling of lithium‐ion batteries: Advancements and future directions - Stefanie Arnold, Jean G. A. Ruthes, Choonsoo Kim, Volker Presser (EcoMat, 2024)
Abstract Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are at the forefront of technological innovation in the current global energy‐transition paradigm, driving surging demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy‐storage solutions. Despite their widespread use and superior energy densities, the environmental footprint and resource scarcity associated with LIBs necessitate sustainable recycling strategies. This comprehensive review critically examines the existing landscape of battery recycling methodologies, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling techniques, along with emerging approaches such as bioleaching and electrochemical separation. Our analysis not only underscores the environmental and efficiency challenges posed by conventional recycling methods but also highlights the promising potential of electrochemical techniques for enhancing selectivity, reducing energy consumption, and mitigating secondary waste production. By delving into recent advancements and juxtaposing various recycling methodologies, we pinpoint electrochemical recycling as a pivotal technology for efficiently recovering valuable metals, such as Li, Ni, Co, and Mn, from spent LIBs in an environmentally benign manner. Our discussion extends to the scalability, economic viability, and future directions of electrochemical recycling, and advocates for their integration into global battery‐recycling infrastructure to address the dual challenges of resource depletion and environmental sustainability. image

Designing Compatible Ceramic/Polymer Composite Solid‐State Electrolyte for Stable Silicon Nanosheet Anodes - Xianzheng Liu, Dong Wang, Dong Wang, Xintong Wang, Deyu Wang, Deyu Wang, Yan Li, Jie Fu, Rui Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, Yuanzhao Zhou, Guangwu Wen (Small, 2024)
Abstract The commercialization of silicon anode for lithium‐ion batteries has been hindered by severe structure fracture and continuous interfacial reaction against liquid electrolytes, which can be mitigated by solid‐state electrolytes. However, rigid ceramic electrolyte suffers from large electrolyte/electrode interfacial resistance, and polymer electrolyte undergoes poor ionic conductivity, both of which are worsened by volume expansion of silicon. Herein, by dispersing Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP) into poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrix, the PVDF‐HFP/PEO/LATP (PHP‐L) solid‐state electrolyte with high ionic conductivity (1.40 × 10 −3 S cm −1 ), high tensile strength and flexibility is designed, achieving brilliant compatibility with silicon nanosheets. The chemical interactions between PVDF‐HFP and PEO, LATP increase amorphous degree of polymer, accelerating Li + transfer. Good flexibility of the PHP‐L contributes to adaptive structure variation of electrolyte with silicon expansion/shrinkage, ensuring swift interfacial ions transfer. Moreover, the solid membrane with high tensile limits electrode structural degradation and eliminates continuous interfacial growth to form stable 2D solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film, achieving superior cyclic performance to liquid electrolytes. The Si//PHP‐L15//LiFePO 4 solid‐state full‐cell exhibits stable lithium storage with 81% capacity retention after 100 cycles. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of composite solid electrolyte in addressing fundamental interfacial and performance challenges of silicon anodes.

PVDF‐HFP Based, Quasi‐Solid Nanocomposite Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries - Eleonora Carena, Lorenzo Mezzomo, Nicholas Vallana, Nicole Ceribelli, Giovanni Di Liberto, Silvia Mostoni, Chiara Ferrara, Michele Mauri, Roberto Lorenzi, Livia Giordano, Riccardo Ruffο, Piercarlo Mustarelli (Small, 2024)
Abstract Composite polymer electrolytes are systems of choice for future solid‐state lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) is among the most interesting matrices to develop new generation quasi‐solid electrolytes (QSEs). Here it is reported on nanocomposites made of PVDF‐HFP and pegylated SiO 2 nanoparticles. Silica‐based hybrid nanofillers are obtained by grafting chains of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEG) with different molecular weight on the surface of silica nanoparticles. The functionalized nanofiller improves the mechanical, transport and electrochemical properties of the QSEs, which show good ionic conductivity values and high resistance against dendrite penetration, ensuring boosted long and safe device operation. The most promising result is obtained by dispersing 5 wt% of SiO 2 functionalized with short PEG chains (PEG 750 , Mw = 750 g mol −1 ) in the PVDF‐HFP matrix with an ease solvent‐casting procedure. It show s ionic conductivity of 0.1 mS cm −1 at 25 °C, more than 250 h resistance to stripping/plating, and impressive results during cycling tests in LMB with LiFePO 4 cathode.

Sulfide-based composite solid electrolyte films for all-solid-state batteries - Shenghao Li, Zhihua Yang, Shubo Wang, Mingqiang Ye, Hongcai He, Xin Zhang, Ce‐Wen Nan, Shuo Wang, Shuo Wang, Shuo Wang (Communications Materials, 2024)
Abstract All-solid-state batteries with non-flammable solid electrolytes offer enhanced safety features, and show the potential for achieving higher energy density by using lithium metal as the anode. Among various solid electrolytes, sulfides are favored for their high room-temperature ionic conductivity and low-temperature processing. However, making large-scale thin electrolyte films via pressing sulfide powder is still challenging. A polymer has recently been introduced as a binder or framework to obtain a flexible thin sulfide-based composite electrolyte film with high ionic conductivity. In this Review, we initially discuss the ionic transport mechanism of sulfide/polymer composite electrolyte films. Then, the preparation methods and the properties of sulfide-based composite electrolytes are introduced in detail, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are also analyzed. We later discuss the application of composite electrolyte films in all-solid-state batteries. Fina lly, we provide a perspective on the future development direction of sulfide-based composite electrolyte films.

Facile Semiconductor p–n Homojunction Nanowires with Strategic p-Type Doping Engineering Combined with Surface Reconstruction for Biosensing Applications - Liuan Li, Shi Fang, Wei Chen, Yueyue Li, Mohammad Fazel Vafadar, Danhao Wang, Yang Kang, Xin Liu, Yuanmin Luo, Kun Liang, Yiping Dang, Lei Zhao, Songrui Zhao, Zongzhi Yin, Haiding Sun (Nano-Micro Letters, 2024)
Abstract Photosensors with versatile functionalities have emerged as a cornerstone for breakthroughs in the future optoelectronic systems across a wide range of applications. In particular, emerging photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type devices have recently attracted extensive interest in liquid-based biosensing applications due to their natural electrolyte-assisted operating characteristics. Herein, a PEC-type photosensor was carefully designed and constructed by employing gallium nitride (GaN) p – n homojunction semiconductor nanowires on silicon, with the p -GaN segment strategically doped and then decorated with cobalt–nickel oxide (CoNiO x ). Essentially, the p – n homojunction configuration with facile p -doping engineering improves carrier separation efficiency and facilitates carrier transfer to the nanowire surface, while CoNiO x decoration further boosts PEC reaction activity and carrier dynamics at the nanowire/electrolyte interface. Consequently, the constructed photosensor achi eves a high responsivity of 247.8 mA W −1 while simultaneously exhibiting excellent operating stability. Strikingly, based on the remarkable stability and high responsivity of the device, a glucose sensing system was established with a demonstration of glucose level determination in real human serum. This work offers a feasible and universal approach in the pursuit of high-performance bio-related sensing applications via a rational design of PEC devices in the form of nanostructured architecture with strategic doping engineering.

Filter‐Less Color‐Selective Photodetector Derived from Integration of Parallel Perovskite Photoelectric Response Units - Wencan Wang, Wei Tian, Fang Chen, Jianyuan Wang, Wei Zhai, Liang Li (Advanced Materials, 2024)
Abstract Color‐selective photodetectors (PDs) play an indispensable role in spectral recognition, image sensing, and other fields. Nevertheless, complex filters and delicate optical paths in such devices significantly increase their complexity and size, which subsequently impede their integration in smart optoelectronic chips for universal applications. This work demonstrates the successful fabrication of filter‐less color‐selective perovskite PDs by integrating three perovskite units with different photoresponse on a single chip. The variation in photoresponse is attributed to different quantities of SnO 2 nanoparticles, synthesized through controlled ultrasonic treatment on the surface of the electron transportation layer SnS 2 , which selectively absorb short‐wavelength light, thus increasing the relative transmittance of long‐wavelength light and enhancing the photoresponse of the units to long wavelengths. By integrating any two units and deriving the formula for the wavelength to the responsivity ratio, a wavelength sensor is developed which can accurately identify incident light in the range of 400–700 nm with a minimum error <3 nm. Furthermore, the device integrating three units with different photoresponse can identify red, green and blue in polychromatic light to achieve color imaging with a relative error <6%. This work provides valuable insights into wavelength identification and color imaging of perovskite PDs.

Multi-material 3D nanoprinting for structures to functional micro/nanosystems - Yongqing Duan, Wenshuo Xie, Zhouping Yin, YongAn Huang (International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 2024)
Abstract Multi-material 3D fabrication at the nanoscale has been a long-sought goal in additive manufacturing, with great potential for the direct construction of functional micro/nanosystems rather than just arbitrary 3D structures. To achieve this goal, researchers have introduced several nanoscale 3D printing principles, explored various multi-material switching and combination strategies, and demonstrated their potential applications in 3D integrated circuits, optoelectronics, biological devices, micro/nanorobots, etc. Although some progress has been made, it is still at the primary stage, and a serious breakthrough is needed to directly construct functional micro/nano systems. In this perspective, the development, current status and prospects of multi-material 3D nanoprinting are presented. We envision that this 3D printing will unlock innovative solutions and make significant contributions to various technologies and industries in the near future.

InSb/InP Core–Shell Colloidal Quantum Dots for Sensitive and Fast Short-Wave Infrared Photodetectors - Lucheng Peng, Yongjie Wang, Yurong Ren, Zhuoran Wang, Pengfei Cao, Gerasimos Konstantatos (ACS Nano, 2024)
Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) technology is considered the main contender toward a low-cost high-performance optoelectronic technology platform for applications in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) to enable 3D imaging, LIDAR night vision, etc. in the consumer electronics and automotive markets. In order to unleash the full potential of this technology, there is a need for a material that is environmentally friendly, thus RoHS compliant, and possesses adequate optoelectronic properties to deliver high-performance devices. InSb CQDs hold great potential in view of their RoHS-compliant nature and─in principle─facile access to the SWIR. However, to date progress in realizing high-performance optoelectronic devices, including photodetectors (PDs), has been limited. Here, we have developed a synthesis method for producing size-tunable InSb CQDs with distinct excitonic peaks spanning a wide range from 900 to 1750 nm. To passivate the surface defects and enhance the photoluminescence (PL) efficien cy of InSb CQDs, we further designed an InSb/InP core–shell structure. By employing the InSb/InP core–shell CQDs in a photodiode device stack, we report on robust InSb CQD SWIR photodetectors that exhibit an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25% at 1240 nm, a wide linear dynamic range exceeding 128 dB, a photoresponse time of 70 ns, and a specific detectivity of 4.4 × 10 11 jones.

Designing Yolk–Shell Nanostructures for Reversible Water-Vapor-Responsive Dual-Mode Switching of Fluorescence and Structural Color - Zhi‐Han Zuo, Ziwen Feng, Yingying Peng, Yucong Su, Zhao‐Qing Liu, Guogang Li, Yadong Yin, Yibo Chen (ACS Nano, 2024)
Metal halide perovskites offer ample opportunities to develop advanced optoelectronic devices. This work showcases that the integration of metal halide perovskites into metal oxide nanoshells with controllable interior cavities can enable water-vapor-responsive dual-mode switching of fluorescence and structural color. Through a ship-in-a-bottle method to introduce a controlled amount of CsPbBr 3 into MnO 2 nanoshells, we have designed CsPbBr 3 @MnO 2 yolk–shell nanostructures, which can uptake a defined amount of water to exhibit rapid (less than 1 s) and reversible (≥100 cycles) responses in both fluorescence on–off and color change when exposed to dynamic water vapor. These responses originate from the water-triggered phase transformation of CsPbBr 3 to CsPb 2 Br 5 and the structural color change of the MnO 2 shell. The altered electronic and bonding structure at the oxide–halide interface, rapid water accumulation in the yolk–shell cavity, and protective effect of the oxide shell fa cilitate the reversible transformations. The response characteristics of the yolk–shell nanostructures have been further demonstrated in fabricating patterned films capable of multiple fluorescence/structural color responses, highlighting their potential for applications in advanced anticounterfeiting and encryption.

Recent advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for sustainable wearable electronic devices - Jing Hu, Mingdong Dong (Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2024)
The widespread adoption of smart terminals has significantly boosted the market potential for wearable electronic devices. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials show great promise for flexible, wearable electronics of next-generation electronic materials and have potential in energy, optoelectronics, and electronics. First, this review focuses on the importance of functionalization/defects in 2D nanomaterials, a discussion of different kinds of 2D materials for wearable devices, and the overall structure-property relationship of 2D materials. Then, in this comprehensive review, we delve into the burgeoning realm of emerging applications for 2D nanomaterial-based flexible wearable electronics, spanning diverse domains such as energy, medical health, and displays. A meticulous exploration is presented, elucidating the intricate processes involved in tailoring material properties for specific applications. Each research direction is dissected, offering insightful perspectives and dialectical evaluations that illuminate future trajectories and inspire fruitful investigations in this rapidly evolving field.

Wide Bandgap Semiconductors for Ultraviolet Photodetectors: Approaches, Applications, and Prospects - Fa Cao, Ying Liu, Mei Liu, Zeyao Han, Xiaobao Xu, Quli Fan, Bin Sun (Research, 2024)
Ultraviolet (UV) light, invisible to the human eye, possesses both benefits and risks. To harness its potential, UV photodetectors (PDs) have been engineered. These devices can convert UV photons into detectable signals, such as electrical impulses or visible light, enabling their application in diverse fields like environmental monitoring, healthcare, and aerospace. Wide bandgap semiconductors, with their high-efficiency UV light absorption and stable opto-electronic properties, stand out as ideal materials for UV PDs. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advancements in both traditional and emerging wide bandgap-based UV PDs, highlighting their roles in UV imaging, communication, and alarming. Moreover, it examines methods employed to enhance UV PD performance, delving into the advantages, challenges, and future research prospects in this area. By doing so, this review aims to spark innovation and guide the future development and application of UV PDs.

Synergetic enhancement of CsPbI 3 nanorod-based high-performance photodetectors via PbSe quantum dot interface engineering - Muhammad Sulaman, Shengyi Yang, Honglian Guo, Chuanbo Li, Ali Imran, Arfan Bukhtiar, Muhammad Qasim, Zhen‐Hua Ge, Yong Song, Yurong Jiang, Bingsuo Zou (Chemical Science, 2024)
Jones were achieved. Certainly, the TCAD simulations closely correlate with our experimental data, facilitating a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental physical mechanisms responsible for the improved performance of these surface-passivated heterojunction photodetectors. This opens up exciting possibilities for substantial advancements in the realm of next-generation optoelectronic devices.

Roadmap for Optical Metasurfaces - Arseniy I. Kuznetsov, Mark L. Brongersma, Jin Yao, Mu Ku Chen, Uriel Levy, Din Ping Tsai, Nikolay I. Zheludev, Andrei Faraon, Amir Arbabi, Nanfang Yu, Debashis Chanda, Kenneth B. Crozier, Alexander V. Kildishev, Hao Wang, Joel K. W. Yang, Jason Valentine, Patrice Genevet, Jonathan A. Fan, Owen D. Miller, Arka Majumdar (ACS Photonics, 2024)
Metasurfaces have recently risen to prominence in optical research, providing unique functionalities that can be used for imaging, beam forming, holography, polarimetry, and many more, while keeping device dimensions small. Despite the fact that a vast range of basic metasurface designs has already been thoroughly studied in the literature, the number of metasurface-related papers is still growing at a rapid pace, as metasurface research is now spreading to adjacent fields, including computational imaging, augmented and virtual reality, automotive, display, biosensing, nonlinear, quantum and topological optics, optical computing, and more. At the same time, the ability of metasurfaces to perform optical functions in much more compact optical systems has triggered strong and constantly growing interest from various industries that greatly benefit from the availability of miniaturized, highly functional, and efficient optical components that can be integrated in optoelectronic systems at low cost. This creates a truly unique opportunity for the field of metasurfaces to make both a scientific and an industrial impact. The goal of this Roadmap is to mark this "golden age" of metasurface research and define future directions to encourage scientists and engineers to drive research and development in the field of metasurfaces toward both scientific excellence and broad industrial adoption.

Enhanced Nonlinear Optical Limiter in the Visible Spectral Region Based on Fe- and Co-Doped NiO Nanoparticles within PVP Nanofibers - Yasemin Pepe, Yusuf Tutel, Şerife Akkoyun, Nurcan Asci, Eda Cevik, Ahmet Karatay, Hüsnü Emrah Ünalan, Ayhan Elmalı (ACS Applied Nano Materials, 2024)
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide In this study, electrospun cobalt (Co)- and iron (Fe)-doped nickel oxide (NiO) nanofilled polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) composite nanofibers were produced, and their linear and nonlinear optical and optical limiting properties were investigated. Three distinct average particle sizes (61, 110, and 150 nm) of Coand Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles were produced using the coprecipitation method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to analyze the morphology and structure of particles. Composite nanofibers were found to be homogeneous and continuous, with average diameters ranging from 177 to 314 nm. It was found that different particle sizes of Coand Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles and aggregations in nanofibers did not have a significant effect on the results. The Fe-doped structure mostly contained defect states and showed the weakest fluorescence emission among t he other composite nanofibers. These behaviors indicate a further charge transfer mechanism via defect states, with multiphoton absorption favoring nonlinear absorption. Open aperture Z-scan experiments were carried out at 532 nm with a 4-ns pulsed laser to observe the nonlinear optical features of nanocomposite fibers. It was observed that all of the composite nanofibers exhibited a nonlinear absorption (NA) feature, which weakened with an increase in input intensity. The Fe-doped structure, characterized by more defect states, demonstrated the strongest NA behavior. All of the composite nanofibers displayed a strong optical limiting behavior within the range of 1.35 × 10 –5 and 1.92 × 10 –5 J/cm 2 . Given the strong NA and robust optical confinement behavior of Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles, composite nanofibers have emerged as promising candidates for optoelectronic applications in the visible spectral region.

Hybrid chips to enable a sustainable internet of things technology: opportunities and challenges - Konstantinos Rogdakis, George Psaltakis, Giorgos Fagas, A. Quinn, Rodrigo Martins, Emmanuel Kymakis (Discover Materials, 2024)
Abstract A new technological approach is needed for the development of emerging electronic components and systems within the Internet of Things (IoT) era. New advancements and innovations are required in architectural design and hybrid systems heterogeneous integration to address the challenge of widespread IoT deployment, its power demands and sustainability. Hybrid chips are one of the emerging technologies that can help overcome the current limitations in terms of energy consumption, performance and sustainability that could shape the future of electronic systems for targeted applications. Hybrid chips combine different materials and manufacturing technologies on the same substrate or package using advanced flexible heterogeneous integration techniques, with the focus of merging the advantages of each unit or technology toward enhanced performance and new levels of emerging functionalities. The categorization of hybrid chips spans across rigid hybrid chips that follow a multi-chiple t approach, semi-flexible chips that integrate flexible units with semi-rigid ones such as thinned silicon integrated circuits, and lastly, flexible chips in which all components are inherently flexible. This perspective article analyzes technical challenges that arise concerning the development of sustainable materials and processing technologies, complex heterogeneous integration, as well as advanced packaging architectures, standardization, and reliability testing. The economic implications for the semiconductor technology transition to hybrid chips is presented in terms of manufacturing costs, economic feasibility, and market readiness. Key insights and future application opportunities are provided, while recent advancements in the field are summarized. This perspective article suggests that by addressing these challenges, hybrid chips have the potential to transform electronic components and systems across a wide range of industries and use case scenario. The advancement of hybrid chip technologies by enhancing the collaboration between industry and academia as well as policymakers will be a crucial part in the realization of required sustainability goals within the worldwide Chips Act initiative, while ensuring the technological progress has the right balance between improved performance and sustainability.

Optical, electrical, structural properties by of PFO-PMMA films loaded with TiO2 nanoparticles - Vinayak Bhat, S. B. Kapatkar, Ishwar Naik, Shreedatta Hegde (Discover Materials, 2024)
The authors studied Poly (methyl methacrylate) also called PMMA films with different concentrations of Poly (9, 9′-di-n-octylfuorenyl-2, 7-diyl) also called PFO and concluded that 1% PFO blended with PMMA is the best choice for opto-electronic applications. In the present study, the authors prepared nanocomposite films of PMMA + 1% PFO + different concentrations of TiO 2 nanoparticles. The resulting films were subjected to FTIR, XRD, UV–visible, fluorescence and electrical conductivity studies. The polymer matrix undergoes modifications in its molecular and microstructural characteristics as evidenced by FTIR and XRD results. The addition of TiO 2 nanoparticles leads to a uniform dispersion and good interaction with the blend matrix resulting in homogeneous films. The additional peaks were found at a wavenumber of 3620 cm −1 in FTIR can be attributed to stretching vibration of TiO 2 . The presence of TiO 2 nanoparticles is confirmed by the distinctive diffraction peaks observed at 25.4 °, 37.8°, 48.3°, 54.3°, 55.2°, and 62.8°. With a shift in the absorption peak towards higher wavelengths, the nanocomposites show greater absorption in the UV and visible regions. As the concentration of TiO 2 increases, the optical parameters such as absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, Urbach energy, refractive index and optical conductivity also increase. The direct optical band gap of the PNC films decreases from 5.03 to 3.06 eV and indirect band gap decreases from 4.52 to 1.92 eV at 10 wt% of TiO 2 concentration. The addition of TiO 2 nanoparticles to the PFO/PMMA matrix resulted in an increase in fluorescence emission intensity. The AC electrical conductivity exhibits increasing trend with frequency in Audio-Frequency range. Thus TiO 2 nanoparticles improve the overall optical, electrical, and structural properties of PFO-PMMA nanocomposites. This means that they can be used in a variety of optoelectronic and advanced optical devices.

Polyvinylalcohol Composite Filled with Carbon Dots Produced by Laser Ablation in Liquids - M. Cutroneo, L. Silipigni, Petr Malinský, Petr Slepička, Domenico Franco, L. Torrisi (Polymers, 2024)
Carbon dots (CDs), owing to their excellent photoluminescent features, have been extensively studied for physics preparation methods and for biomedical and optoelectronic device applications. The assessment of the applicability of CDs in the production of luminescent polymeric composites used in LEDs, displays, sensors, and wearable devices is being pursued. The present study reports on an original, environmentally friendly, and low-cost route for the production of carbon dots with an average size of 4 nm by laser ablation in liquid. Jointly, to prove the significance of the study for a wide range of applications, a free-standing flexible polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite containing photoluminescent carbon dots was manufactured. CDs were prepared using targets of porose charcoal with a density of 0.271 g/cm3 placed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) liquid solution and irradiated for 30 min by pulsed IR diode laser. The optical properties of the obtained suspension containing carbon do ts were studied with UV-ViS and FTIR spectroscopies. The photoluminescence of the produced carbon dots was confirmed by the emission peak at 480 nm in the luminescence spectrum. A narrow luminescence band with a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of less than 40 nm could be an asset in spectral emission analysis in different applications. Atomic force microscopy confirms the feasibility of manufacturing CDs in clean and biocompatible environments, paving the way for an easier and faster production route, crucial for their wider applicability.

High performance photodetectors based on In2S3, In2S1.5Se1.5 and In2Se3 nanostructures - Ankurkumar J. Khimani, Sujit A. Kadam, Ranjan Kr. Giri, Chetan K. Zankat, Yuan‐Ron Ma (Materials Advances, 2024)
One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, including nanofibers, nanocubes, and nanoplates of In 2 S 3 , In 2 S 1.5 Se 1.5 , and In 2 Se 3 semiconductors, were synthesized using a hydrothermal technique for studying their photodetector behaviour.

Carbon Quantum Dots: Properties, Preparation, and Applications - Jichuan Kong, Yihui Wei, Feng Zhou, Liting Shi, Shuangjie Zhao, Mengyun Wan, Xianfeng Zhang (Molecules, 2024)
Carbon quantum dots are a novel form of carbon material. They offer numerous benefits including particle size adjustability, light resistance, ease of functionalization, low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and high-water solubility, as well as their easy accessibility of raw materials. Carbon quantum dots have been widely used in various fields. The preparation methods employed are predominantly top-down methods such as arc discharge, laser ablation, electrochemical and chemical oxidation, as well as bottom-up methods such as templates, microwave, and hydrothermal techniques. This article provides an overview of the properties, preparation methods, raw materials for preparation, and the heteroatom doping of carbon quantum dots, and it summarizes the applications in related fields, such as optoelectronics, bioimaging, drug delivery, cancer therapy, sensors, and environmental remediation. Finally, currently encountered issues of carbon quantum dots are presented. The latest researc h progress in synthesis and application, as well as the challenges outlined in this review, can help and encourage future research on carbon quantum dots.

Co-precipitation synthesis of highly pure and Mg-doped CdO nanoparticles: from rod to sphere shapes - S. Cathrin Lims, M. Jose, Sivakumar Aswathappa, S. Sahaya Jude Dhas, Raju Suresh Kumar, Phuong V. Pham (RSC Advances, 2024)
) circuit. These advancements point to the potential of spherical Mg-doped CdO NPs in semiconductor applications due to their superior structural and functional characteristics.

Plasma activated PVDF-BaTiO3 composite nanofiber scaffolds loaded with vancomycin for enhancing bioc - Fathollahzadeh V, Khodaei M, Emadi S, Hajisharifi K. (Scientific Reports, 2025)
Piezoelectricity, the ability of certain crystal structures to generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress, offers notable advantages for scaffold design9. Incorporating piezoelectric materials into bone scaffolds enables the generation of localized electric fields during mechanical loading, modulating bone cell activities and fostering bone formation, which is critical for tissue regeneration10–12. During electrospinning, the strong electric field orients the dipoles in the piezoelectric polymer chains, enhancing the formation of the electroactive β-phase. Therefore, combining electrospinning with piezoelectric materials enables the fabrication

Enhancement of piezoelectric properties of the PVDF film by interfacial layer Cu-network (The European Physical Journal Plus, 2025)
Flexible wearable piezoelectric devices have been attracting increasing attention in microdevice actuating, wasted energy harvesting, and motion signal detecting. In addition, it also possesses close-fitting, flexible, and portable characteristics for everyday use. The most important research content on piezoelectric devices is to improve their piezoelectric output performances. In this paper, we try to investigate enhancement of piezoelectric properties of the PVDF film by choosing Cu-network as interfacial layer. A flexible wearable polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/Cu-network piezoelectric composite film was prepared. The PVDF film was prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method, and the Cu-network film was prepared by the method based on a crack template. A series of piezoelectric tests in the PVDF film and the PVDF/Cu-network composite film were conducted. The experimental results show that the piezoelectric properties of the PVDF/Cu-network film are much better than those of the PVDF film, which confirms the gain effect of Cu-network on the PVDF film. We designed an energy harvesting circuit, in which a light-emitting diode can be lighted up when the PVDF/Cu-network composite film is folded 25 times.

Novel High‐Performance Flexible Piezoelectric Sensors Based on P‐ PVDF / MoS 2 Bead Films for Self‐Powered Human Motion Monitoring (Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2025)
ABSTRACT Piezoelectric sensors are critical components in advancing smart electronic devices, offering significant potential for energy harvesting and self‐powered applications in flexible and wearable technologies. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) are recognized for their exceptional piezoelectric properties, with monolayer MoS 2 effectively enhancing the piezoelectric response. This study innovatively fabricates PVDF/MoS 2 composite films via electrospinning, directly inducing polar β ‐phase crystal formation in PVDF and significantly enhancing piezoelectric performance. Furthermore, PVDF micro‐ and nanoparticles were electrostatically deposited onto the PVDF/MoS 2 films, resulting in a P‐PVDF/MoS 2 composite with enhanced mechanical and piezoelectric properties. Under a mechanical force of 3 N at 2 Hz, the fabricated sensor achieved an output voltage of 5 V, a short‐circuit current of 0.08 μA, and a power density of 3.5 mW/m 2 , representing increas es of 552% in voltage, 33% in current, and 192% in power density compared to pure PVDF sensors. The highly flexible composite demonstrates significant potential as a wearable self‐powered sensor and energy harvester, addressing applications in artificial intelligence and wireless technologies.

Biomimetic Heteromodulus All-Fluoropolymer Piezoelectric Nanofiber Mats for Highly Sensitive Acoustic Detection - Wu Y, Tang CY, Wang S, Guo J, Jing Q, Liu J, Ke K, Wang Y, Yang W. (ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2025)
Flexible piezoelectric pressure sensors have aroused a plethora of applications in wearable electronics, acoustic transducers, and energy harvesters thanks to many merits such as prompt response, good signal linearity, and ease of shaping. However, as all-polymer piezoelectric films have a low piezoelectric coefficient and severe stress dissipation, it is currently challenging to achieve a high piezoelectric output for the foregoing applications without introducing nanomaterials or piezoelectric ceramics. Here, we report a local stress engineering strategy to fabricate biomimetic all-fluoropolymer piezoelectric film pressure sensors with high-modulus poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanospheres embedded on low-modulus poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoride ethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) nanofibers for highly sensitive acoustic detection. High-modulus PVDF nanospheres create many local stress concentration sites on PVDF-TrFE nanofibers and increase the local deformation, leading to significantly i mproved force/pressure sensitivity. As such, by comparison with the force sensitivity of 60 mV/N for neat PVDF-TrFE, the heteromodulus fiber mats with 10 wt % PVDF nanospheres can achieve a force sensitivity of 145.1 mV/N over 0-25 N dynamic impact force (i.e., 0 ∼ 250 kPa pressure), together with an acoustic detection limit as low as 60 dB or 0.02 Pa.

Boosting piezoelectric output performance of composite flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators via incorporation of MXene - Wang, Shiwen; Wu, Minghua; Feng, Jie; Feng, Mao; Zheng, Zhirong; Sun, Li; Jin, Guang (JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES, 2025)
Improving the charge conduction ability of piezoelectric fibers can achieve high output performance of wearable piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). In this paper, a 2D conductive carbon material, MXene, was added to the nanofiber film to obtain BT@F/MXene/PVDF PENG. MXene possesses good electrical conductivity that can enhance the local electric field of piezoelectric fibers during the electrospinning process. This led to the enhanced piezoelectric properties of the BT@F/MXene/PVDF piezoelectric fibers. The beta phase content and d33 value of the prepared BT@F/MXene/PVDF piezoelectric fibers reached up to 95 % and 48.7 +/- 3 pC/N, respectively. Therefore, the electrical output performance of the prepared BT@F/MXene/PVDF PENG was significantly improved. The output voltage of the BT@F/MXene/PVDF PENG was measured to be 4.9 V, which was about 2 times higher than that of the BT@F/PVDF PENG. We further analyzed the mechanism by which MXene improved the electrical output performance of PEN G. Furthermore, we compared the 2D MXene with conductive carbon materials of other dimensions (0D carbon black and 1D CNT), which revealed that the BT@F/MXene/PVDF PENG exhibited the highest piezoelectric output performance. Thus, a PENG exhibiting high piezoelectric output was developed in this work through the synergistic enhancement effect of BT@F nanoparticles and 2D MXene. This device is suitable for various applications, including mechanical energy harvesting, motion monitoring, and power supply equipment.

Microspheres trigged-stress concentration regulating piezoelectric properties of PVDF/elastomer composites - Zhang, Wenxian; Yang, Jiahong; Sun, Qijun; Peng, Lu; Lin, Tong; Yan, Shouke; Sun, Xiaoli (SCIENCE CHINA-CHEMISTRY, 2025)
Wearable self-powered piezoelectric pressure sensors are attracting tremendous interest. However, fabricating a high-sensitive elastic piezoelectric sensor for a broad response range remains challenging. Here, we assemble polar poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microsphere-elastomer composites, achieving high-sensitive and wide-responsive pressure sensing. The polar PVDF microspheres are produced cost-effectively through phase separation, enabling scalability. The piezoelectric composite (PC) film demonstrates low Young's modulus, and excellent anti-fatigue performance. Further, the PC-based piezoelectric sensor exhibits a rather high sensitivity of 540 mV N-1 in a wide sensing range (5-40 N), 240 times greater than the PVDF film-based sensor and comparable to the inorganic piezoelectric sensor. Such excellent performance is attributed to the highest average stress concentration on the spherical PVDF coupled with the remarkable deformation of dipoles of spherical PVDF in the flexible ma trix. Based on excellent performance, this piezoelectric sensor achieves precise recognition of motions and sound visualization. This high-sensitive flexible piezoelectric sensor enabling large area production with ultralow price exerts great potential in smart monitoring and intelligent robots.

Understanding the effect of CNTs on the piezoelectric properties of PVDF and PVDF-TrFE: combined experimental and simulation study - Iyer, Aditya; Tiwari, Shivam; Dubey, Dipesh Kumar; Upadhyaya, Anurag; Dey, Somajit; Maiti, Pralay; Maiti, Prabal Kumar (PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 2025)
Fluoropolymers like poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and their copolymers have gained wide recognition in the diverse field of energy due to their better piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. Electrospun nanofibers of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) or PVDF-TrFE were prepared using an electrospinning process. Carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to the polymer matrix and their effect was studied through morphological, structural, and thermal analysis. PVDF-TrFE with the addition of CNT nanofillers provided enhancement in the piezoelectric coefficient value by about 20%. Building upon these promising experimental findings, atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were done to have a microscopic understanding of the measured piezoelectric response of beta phase crystalline PVDF and gain valuable insights into the observed piezoelectric enhancements. The piezoelectric response was quantified by calculating the piezoelectric d33 coefficient. Investigations were do ne by applying a constant electric field and sinusoidal alternating electric field of order 0.01 V nm-1 to 0.2 V nm-1. A negative piezoelectric effect was observed and the beta-phase PVDF crystal showed an increase in magnitude of d33 by about 12% upon addition of CNTs and this was attributed to increased specific polarizability near the CNT surface.

Highly Sensitive PVDF/CNTs/ZnO Flexible Piezoelectric Sensor for Detecting Human Subtle Motion - Lin, Guizhen; Hu, Huifang; Liu, Jie; Shang, Shenglong (IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, 2025)
The flexible piezoelectric sensors have the advantages of being ultrathin, low modulus, lightweight, and flexible, which hold critical potential applications in health monitoring and human machine interaction. However, the sensitivity and piezoelectric properties of flexible piezoelectric sensors still face challenges. Herein, we prepared a flexible polyvinylidene fluoride/carbon nanotubes/zinc oxide (PVDF/CNTs/ZnO) piezoelectric sensor that has an empathetic and good piezoelectric performance by electrospinning. To address the potential incompatibility between PVDF and ZnO at the interface and the uneven distribution of ZnO nanoparticles, CNTs were introduced as a "bridge" to connect ZnO with PVDF and achieved an effective combination between them. The output voltage of the PVDF/CNTs/ZnO piezoelectric sensor reached 0.1 V under a pressure of 4.1 N when ZnO loading was 3.0%, which was 6.67 times higher than that of pure PVDF nanofiber membrane. Moreover, the optimized piezoelectric dev ice has a high sensitivity of up to 25.64 mV/N, which increased by 525% compared to pure PVDF piezoelectric devices. The device's response and recovery times are 51 and 115 ms, respectively. The piezoelectric device can accurately monitor various human activities, including mouse clicks, pulse beats, wrist movements, and facial expressions, without needing an external power supply, demonstrating promising applications in human health monitoring.

Effect of Ultrafine Cement Mineral Phase C4AF on the Properties of PVDF Composite Films - Guo, Han; Zhang, Zhaocai; Zhu, Yu (JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, 2025)
The development of intelligent buildings requires energy harvesting technology, especially smart piezoelectric materials. This paper mainly explores the possibility of applying polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a piezoelectric energy storage material in building structures. In order to make PVDF piezoelectric energy storage materials suitable for the cement-based materials, the cement mineral phase tetracalcium aluminate (C4AF) as filler and PVDF as matrix are used to prepare ultrafine C4AF-PVDF composite films. The mechanical properties, crystal structure, thermal behavior, electrochemical behavior, and morphology of C4AF-PVDF composite films are characterized. The results show that a small amount of C4AF can be uniformly dispersed in the PVDF matrix and fill the pores, which not only maintains the good toughness of the PVDF film but also promotes the nucleation and crystallization of the film. Meanwhile, the conceptual model developed in this paper shows the mechanism of C4AF on PVDF film in macro and microstructures, explains, and analyzes the influence of C4AF on the PVDF film matrix from the level of nucleation and crystallization. This paper can provide reference value for the application of cement-based mineral phase materials combined with PVDF in the field of intelligent buildings for piezoelectric energy harvesting.

Machine Learning‐Augmented Piezoelectric‐Ferroelectret Nanogenerators for Highly Sensitive Respiration Monitoring in Wearable Healthcare - Xiaolong Wu, Xinwen Zhou, Zhicheng Li, Hongzhen Xie, Yunwei Li, Jinjun Liu, Aziguli Haibibu, Yinghong Chen (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
ABSTRACT The precise detection of low‐amplitude and spatially variant biomechanical signals continues to present a substantial technological challenge. Ferroelectrets, with their exceptional piezoelectric coefficients and dynamic response characteristics, represent a compelling alternative for developing high‐sensitivity pressure sensors and deformable energy harvesting systems. Herein, we present a highly sensitive poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) ferroelectret film featuring a cross‐scale pore structure fabricated using organic dimethylhexanediol (DMHD) crystals as sacrificial templates, sandwiched between two PVDF layers, thus forming a piezoelectric‐ferroelectret‐ piezoelectric (PFP) three‐layer thin film. The engineered porous architecture enables the substantial net charge storage and creates an oriented space charge network, where subtle mechanical loading (<1 N) induces pronounced charge displacements that generate strong local electric field variations. As a result, the opt imized PEP devices exhibit a superior piezoelectric coefficient of 650 pC·N −1 , and high sensitivity of 595.85 mV·kPa −1 . As a proof‐of‐concept, the PFP device is seamlessly integrated into a facial mask, facilitating accurate recognition of respiratory behaviors. With the assistance of both a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a Bidirectional Long Short‐Term Memory network (BiLSTM), a PEP‐based smart mask can recognize respiratory tracts and multiple breathing patterns with a classification accuracy of up to 100%. This study pioneers a high‐efficacy respiratory monitoring device via ferroelectret ultra‐sensitivity, showing transformative prospects for clinical diagnostics and daily healthcare implementation.

Wood‐Inspired Porous Polymeric Material with High Flexoelectric Effect - Y. H. Lin, Dongze Yan, Xin Yan, Jianxiang Wang, Li‐Hua Shao (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
ABSTRACT The development of energy‐efficient and eco‐friendly functional materials and devices holds substantial potential to tackle the challenges in energy and the environment. Since the 1950s, wood‐based materials have been demonstrated to generate electricity when subjected to deformation, which enables potential sustainable applications. However, the precise mechanisms of the electromechanical coupling effect of wood‐based materials remain unclear. Here, a systematic study of the mechanisms for the electromechanical coupling effect of the balsa wood sponge is conducted via experiments, molecular dynamic simulations, and theoretical modeling. The dominant influence of the flexoelectric effect in the wood sponge is identified and verified after comprehensively assessing triboelectricity, electret, and piezoelectricity. Leveraging this fundamental insight, the bionic porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is fabricated by mimicking the microstructures of the wood sponge. The bionic porou s PDMS exhibits significantly enhanced performance metrics, with current‐strain sensitivity and equivalent piezoelectric coefficient being 1600 times and 340 times greater than those of solid PDMS, respectively. The application of bionic porous PDMS as self‐powered impact sensors is demonstrated to identify different levels of impact energy. This work establishes a transferable methodological approach for analyzing electromechanical coupling in diverse structured materials, and introduces a bionic design strategy for developing enhanced performance of multifunctional materials.

Ultra‐Sensitive Nanofiber‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Sensing - Sajib Roy, Bhaskar Dudem, Md Delowar Hussain, Vlad Stolojan, Seyedeh Sadrieh Emadian, Satheesh Krishnamurthy, Jae Sung Yun, S. Ravi P. Silva (Advanced Materials, 2025)
ABSTRACT Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) represents a major advancement in capability for self‐powered sensors, with its ability to convert low‐frequency mechanical movements into electricity. These devices serve at present an unmet medical and societal need in the monitoring of human activity and enhancing interactions between humans and machines, the optioned interface for setting up verifiable digital twins. Here, a novel composite nanofibrous TENG (CNF‐TENG) based on borophene@poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) is constructed through electrospinning. Comprehensive materials characterization of the exfoliated nanosheets confirms crystalline sheet morphology and validates their incorporation into the fibers. The inclusion of borophene introduces a dual innovation by enhancing both the jet stressing in electrospinning and the quality of doped films. This improvement is attributed to the enhanced effective permittivity through interfacial polarization, which promotes β‐phase formation, electron‐donating capacity, surface charge trapping, and refined fiber morphology, while inducing a transition from a hydrophobic to a superhydrophobic surface state. When paired with nylon 66 nanofibers, the CNF‐TENG exhibits a remarkable sensitivity of 53.8 ± 1.2 V kPa −1 , and a power density of 1.2 W m −2 , representing a 13‐fold enhancement over pristine PVDF‐HFP. An array of 16 ultra‐sensitive CNF‐TENG sensors for possible use in dementia monitoring and sleep disorder mitigation is successfully demonstrated, giving various sleep patterns and physiological data sets.

High-performance self-poled PVDF-BaTiO 3 -CNT nanocomposites: A multifunctional material for flexible next-generation energy harvesting and sensing - Ahmed Attaoui, Ayda Bouhamed, Mario Scholze, Martin F.-X. Wagner, Christoph Tegenkamp, Chokri Bouraoui, Olfa Kanoun (Nano Energy, 2025)
This study presents a multifunctional nanocomposite based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) for applications in energy harvesting and sensing. We hereby report the synthesis of advanced nanocomposites that incorporate varying concentrations of barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) through an optimized solution processing method. The fabricated composites achieve intrinsic piezoelectric properties without the requirement for external poling. The synergistic effects of BaTiO 3 (10–20 wt%) and CNT (0–1.5 wt%) concentrations were revealed using a concentration-resolved design matrix in which CNT loading was systematically varied within each BaTiO 3 level. The resulting composition-property relationships were comprehensively investigated through multi-scale characterization, including morphological, mechanical, and electrical analyses. The developed PVDF-based nanocomposite exhibits pronounced mechanical reinforcement, with Young’s modulus and t ensile strength increased by 68% and 79%, respectively, relative to pure PVDF. The optimized nanocomposite delivers superior piezoelectric performance, achieving a d 33 of 66 pC/N and generating an open-circuit voltage of 25 V with a maximum output power of 345 μ W. Simultaneously, it exhibits an exceptional piezoresistive sensitivity of 20.6 kPa −1 , enabling dual-mode operation for high-performance energy harvesting and pressure sensing. By co-optimizing energy harvesting and sensing within a single multifunctional nanocomposite, this work provides a foundational platform for autonomous systems, enabling the development of next-generation smart skins and self-powered electronics. • First concentration-resolved map linking formulation to function for BaTiO 3 -CNT co-filled PVDF. • Dual fillers drive self-poling and percolation, giving electroactive β -phase of 95 %. • ∼ 40 µm PVDF/BaTiO 3 /CNT films made without external poling or stretching. • Tenfold voltage gain up to 25 V and powe r output to 345 µW under cyclic loading. • High-sensitivity pressure sensing: 20.6 kPa −1 (66.8 k Ω / kPa ) with < 1 % hysteresis.

Poly(vinylidenefluoride) based nanocomposites-structural and functional materials for the future - Sneha Bhagyaraj, Hemalatha Parangusan, Sreejith P. Madhusudanan, Tasneem Mohamed Elshazly, D. Ponnamma (Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2025)
Abstract Poly(vinylidenefluoride) (PVDF), a thermoplastic fluoropolymer, is well-known for its crystalline behavior, piezoelectricity, and pyroelectric properties. This review aims to guide both new and established research works in the characterization and application of PVDF nanocomposites by offering a comprehensive overview of the various applications of these composite systems to date, alongside their synthesis methods and the challenges associated with fabricating different materials forms. The structural aspects of the composites are discussed in relation to the added nanomaterials of various dimensions. The high dielectric properties, piezoelectric voltage output, and mechanical durability of these flexible films make them highly suitable for use in smart sensors and energy harvesting devices. Additionally, their ferroelectric tunable behavior renders them useful for tunable capacitors and advanced electronic components where variable dielectric and polarization properties are essential for performance optimization. We also examine the key problems and challenges faced in the development of PVDF composites and discuss advanced methods that can enhance scientific understanding and innovation in this field. A comprehensive study is essential for developing a foundational approach to tuning material properties, maximizing their application potential, and fostering a future marked by innovation and sustainability.

Janus Piezoelectric Fibrous Scaffolds with Ultrasound‐Triggered Electroresponsive Drug Release for Dual‐Lineage Induction and Immune Microenvironment Remodeling in Tendon‐Bone Interface Regeneration - C. Liang, Fanrong Ai, Huajun Pan, Fengyang Cui, Hang Fu, P. Wang, Yudan Zhu, Weixiang Xiong (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
ABSTRACT A rotator cuff tear (RCT) is a common sports injury. Current surgical interventions frequently result in suboptimal healing and fail to regenerate the complex, heterogeneous tendon–bone interface. Piezoelectric materials, which convert ultrasound‐derived micromechanical energy into electrical signals, offer a potential means to overcome the limitations of conventional electrical stimulation therapies for musculoskeletal tissue repair. Moreover, active and controlled drug release has become increasingly essential in modern regenerative strategies. We developed a Janus bilayered fibrous scaffold (KZP@PS/PSPM) with dual‐phase induction and immunomodulatory capabilities using electrospinning and oxidative polymerization. Under ultrasonic exposure, the underlying PSPM fibrous membrane transduces mechanical energy into electrical signals that stimulate osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Concurrently, the upper KZP@PS layer converts mechanical e nergy into electrical signals, activating the electrochemical reduction of polyaniline (PANI) and inducing a stress‐responsive release of KZF, which secretes zinc ions (Zn 2 ⁺) and kartogenin (KGN) to promote immunomodulation and chondrogenesis. This process further enhances osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation through upregulation of the ERK1 and PI3K–Akt signaling pathways. In a rotator cuff injury model, the KZP@PS/PSPM composite scaffold significantly reduced early inflammatory markers and markedly improved tendon‐to‐bone healing. By synergizing “ultrasound–electricity” with “electricity–drug release,” this Janus bilayer scaffold enables biphasic induction and immunomodulation, offering a novel strategy for addressing the complex challenges of tendon–bone interface regeneration.

High Sensitivity, All-Organic Piezoelectric Skin Enabled by a Phytic Acid-Assisted Molecular Engineering Strategy - Tienan Zhao, Zihao Li, Yuzhu Li, Bin Chai, Weichang Xie, Boyue Gao, Kai Xue, Xingyi Huang (ACS Nano, 2025)
Electronic skin (e-skin), which mimics the tactile and multimodal sensing functions of human skin, is emerging as a key technology for wearable healthcare and human–machine interfaces. All-organic piezoelectric composites owing to their intrinsic flexibility and skin conformability represent attractive candidates for e-skin development. However, achieving a high piezoelectric performance, long-term stability, and mechanical compliance simultaneously remains a critical challenge. Here, we report a phytic acid (PA)-assisted molecular engineering strategy to fabricate P(VDFco -trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE)/PA composites with a high piezoelectric charge coefficient (87 pC N – 1 ) and voltage coefficient (614 mV m N –1 ), as well as durability. Strong hydrogen bonding between PA hydroxyl groups and PVDF-TrFE chains promotes β-phase crystallization and stabilizes the piezoelectric structure. Meanwhile, the high dielectric constant of phosphate groups enhances the dipole polarization efficie ncy. Building on this composite, we developed a high-performance piezoelectric skin (pe-skin), which exhibits high sensitivity (35 mV kPa –1 ), a fast response (∼70 ms), and robust stability. The resulting pe-skin enables real-time physiological monitoring, precise pressure mapping, and smart human–machine interfaces. Overall, this work highlights a promising pathway toward the construction of high-performance pe-skin for healthcare, robotics, and human–machine interfaces.

Thermomechanical pressing and immediate quenching: enhanced piezoelectricity and transparency in piezoelectric nanofibers - Zhan Qu, Qian Chen, Xinyu Li, Jinyi Liu, Chenhong Lang, Xu Yu, Rujun Tang, Jizhen Zhang (Nature Communications, 2025)
Highly transparent piezoelectric films hold great promise for smart wearable devices and energy harvesting applications. However, their fabrication is often hampered by complex processes. The development of new strategies for the preparation of transparent piezoelectric films is urgently needed. This study presents an efficient method to convert electrospun nanofibers into dense piezoelectric films by thermomechanical pressing coupled with immediate quenching. By applying this treatment at 140 °C and 600 MPa for only 3 min, the resulting dense films have nearly twice the piezoelectricity (d33 of 14.09 pC N−1) compared to the nanofibers. In addition, this poling-free process increases film transparency, significantly reduces haze, and greatly improves mechanical robustness and stiffness. These improvements are attributed to the flash crystallization effect induced by hot pressing and immediate cooling, which elongates the crystal chains, increases the lamellar dimensions, and expands th e oriented amorphous fraction regions. As a result, a well-organized semi-crystalline structure is formed over the expanded regions. Our method is simple and allows precise control over the crystal structure, which promises to produce transparent piezoelectric films ideal for force sensing and energy harvesting applications. Thermomechanical pressing and immediate quenching of electro spun nanofibers produces transparent, poling-free piezoelectric films with nearly doubled piezoelectric output and significantly improved mechanical strength.

Flash annealing boosts piezoelectricity of PVDF-TrFE - Yue Hu, Chunyan Tang, S. Li, Yujie Wu, Kai Ke, Ran Chen, Chuanfu Luo, Quanxiao Dong (Nature Communications, 2025)
Annealing increases β-phase crystal contents of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE), thus improving its ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. However, most studies focus on improving piezoelectricity of wet-processed PVDF-TrFE via long-time annealing. Here, we report a flash annealing strategy to boost piezoelectricity of PVDF-TrFE at a temperature above its Curie temperature, which has never been reported for polymer processing. Specifically, electrospun PVDF-TrFE fiber mats show a piezoelectric coefficient d33 of −70.89 pm/V or −68 pC/N after flash annealing, which are superior to that of the mats annealed for 2 h. Besides, the mechanisms for an improvement of β-phase crystal content during flash annealing was interpreted by in-situ Raman spectroscopy, XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulation. The as-fabricated piezoelectric films show promising applications in energy harvesting, high-frequency vibration. It unveils an intri guing way to significantly boost intrinsic piezoelectricity of PVDF-TrFE toward developing advanced flexible electronics and micro-electro-mechanical systems. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene)’s (PVDF-TrFE) piezoelectricity can be enhanced by annealing, however current annealing methods are slow. Here, the authors perform ultra-fast flash annealing of PVDF-TrFE to achieve a high piezoelectricity.

Ultrahigh current output performance in piezoelectric energy harvesters enabled by phase boundary–bandgap synergistic engineering - Yan Lin, Yanqi Wu, Mupeng Zheng, Bo Wu, Chunlin Zhao, Chaofeng Wu, Ke Wang, Yudong Hou (Nature Communications, 2025)
With the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things, piezoelectric energy harvesting has become essential for sustainable self-powered microsystems. However, achieving sufficient output current under operating conditions remains a persistent challenge. Herein, a phase-boundary and bandgap co-engineering strategy is implemented for potassium sodium niobate-based ceramics by incorporating BiFeO3 into 0.97(K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.96Sb0.04)O3-0.03(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.85(Li0.5Nd0.5)0.15ZrO3. This induces a rhombohedral-tetragonal phase boundary that establishes nanoscale multiphase coexistence alongside an elevated average polarization displacement, enabling an exceptional piezoelectric coefficient. Simultaneously, ultralow resistivity is achieved through the lower bandgap resulting from BiFeO3 incorporation. This design achieves ultrahigh current density (50 μA/cm2) and power density (860 μW/cm3). Atomic-resolution structural analyses reveal that continuous rotation of the polarization vector, promoted by multi-directional polar states and high-density multiscale nanodomains, suppresses polarization anisotropy and domain-wall pinning, thereby synergistically amplifying piezoelectric responses. Concurrently, narrow-bandgap BiFeO3 doping elevates oxygen-vacancy concentration, lowering the conduction-band minimum and narrowing the bandgap, further reducing resistivity. The authors propose a phase-boundary and bandgap co-engineering strategy by incorporating BiFeO3 into 0.97(K0.5Na0.5)(Nb0.96Sb0.04)O3-0.03(Bi0.5Na0.5)0.85(Li0.5Nd0.5)0.15ZrO3, greatly improving the output current performance.

A conformal piezoelectric microsystem for demographic-adaptive and calibration-free cuffless blood pressure monitoring - Cunman Liang, Jiang Zhou, Shirong Qiu, Lei Zhao, Xinxin Mao, Xiao Yang, Yuan‐Ting Zhang, Ni Zhao (Nature Communications, 2025)
Frequent recalibration poses a significant challenge to the accuracy and reliability of current cuffless blood pressure (BP) monitoring devices, especially in long-term use. Here, we introduce a conformal and stretchable piezoelectric microsystem (CSPM) combined with a demographic-adaptive BP estimation model, enabling calibration-free, continuous BP tracking with accuracy comparable to cuff-based medical devices. The CSPM integrates an ultrasound transducer array for vessel diameter waveform recording and two pulse waveform (PWF) sensors with cavity-enhanced piezoelectric thin films for precise pulse wave detection, enabling simultaneous measurement of pulse wave velocity (PWV) and vessel diameter in the same localized vascular area. Leveraging real-time PWV and vessel diameter inputs, our BP algorithm employs a demographic feature learning module for broad population applicability and a time decay compensation strategy to address minor slippage and measurement shifts, enabling the ac quisition of individual BP values without calibration. This innovation effectively addresses key challenges in population recalibration and multimodal integration, enabling stable long-term continuous BP tracking, achieving mean absolute errors of 5.22 mmHg for systolic BP and 4.57 mmHg for diastolic BP.

Multifunctional E‐Tattoos Based on Electrospun PVBVA Fibers Coated with Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene for Energy Harvesting, Energy Storage, and Biometric Sensing - Ajay Pratap, Fereshteh Rajabi Kouchi, Tony Varghese, Hailey Burgoyne, Attila Rektor, M. David Curtis, Miranda L. Nelson, Francis Mokogwu (Advanced Science, 2025)
Abstract Multifunctional electronic tattoos (e‐tattoos) integrating energy harvesting, charge storage, and biosignal monitoring are critical for advancing wearable electronics. Most current technologies specialize in one or two functions, lacking a unified, skin‐compatible solution. A novel e‐tattoo is reported using electrospun poly(vinyl butyral‐co‐vinyl alcohol‐co‐vinyl acetate) (PVBVA) fibers coated with titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) MXene. A single electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) was fabricated via a layer‐by‐layer method using a PVBVA/Ti 3 C 2 T x /PVBVA (PMxP) sandwich structure, and achieved an open‐circuit voltage of 250 V, short‐circuit current of 2.9 µA, and power density of 250 mW m − 2 (25 µW cm − 2 ) under a 2 MΩ load, enabling triboelectric energy harvesting from human motion. A parallel‐plate capacitor using PVBVA/Ti 3 C 2 T x electrodes and a PVBVA dielectric exhibited 14 pF capacitance at 10 kHz and 5 V, suitable for low‐power touch‐sensitive applicati ons. Additionally, PMx‐based e‐tattoos captured real‐time electrocadiogram (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) signals with high skin conformability and minimal signal degradation. The device maintains mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and adhesion over extended wear. This scalable, non‐invasive platform demonstrates robust multifunctionality and durability, offering a promising route toward integrated, self‐powered wearable systems for health monitoring, human‐machine interfaces, and energy autonomy. The PMxP architecture represents a significant step toward all‐in‐one e‐tattoos that meet the demands of next‐generation electronics.

Advances in Intelligent Polyvinylidene Fluoride‐Based Piezoelectric Composites for Self‐Powered Wearable Electronics - Hao Zhang, Xu Ji, Zhen Wang, Senyao Tang, Zhaokun Wang, Weibin Zhu (Small, 2025)
Abstract Flexible piezoelectric materials have emerged as attractive options for self‐sustaining systems, due to superior mechanical compliance, environmental adaptability and efficient transduction of mechanical to electrical energy. Among these, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers exhibit unparalleled advantages in wearable electronics and energy harvesting applications, attributable to their pronounced piezoelectric properties, in conjunction with high flexibility, low density, chemical stability, and facile solution processability. This review introduces PVDF‐based devices through various material strategies, including piezoelectric ceramics, piezoelectric nanofillers like BaTiO 3 and ZnO, and non‐piezoelectric doping. It also systematically summarizes recent advances in hierarchical structural design, microstructure regulation, and ionic hydrogel structural modulation, as well as intelligent manufacturing techniques of PVDF‐based piezoelectric devices. Additionally, particular emphasis on their state‐of‐the‐art applications in wearable biomedical engineering, self‐charging energy storage, and other intelligent monitoring are placed. Furthermore, the current outlooks—such as long‐term operational stability, innovative materials and structures, artificial intelligence (AI), integrated smart systems, and industrialization—are critically discussed. Given the promising prospects of PVDF‐based materials for health management, intelligent connected systems, and sustainable energy technologies, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive theoretical foundation and technical reference for elucidating the structure‐function‐property relationships and advancing the multifunctional integration in next‐generation electronic platforms.

Conductive Composite Hydrogel with Unsymmetrical Structure as Multimodal Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Machine Learning‐Assisted Motion - Yanqi Yin, Zewei Sun, Tianzong Jiang, Bingchen Zhou, Rui Zhang, Dan Yang, He Ding, Shili Gai (Small, 2025)
Abstract Muscle contraction and relaxation encode crucial signals for monitoring physical states, rehabilitation, and injury prevention. However, flexible wearable devices fail to deliver customizable sensors that combine high sensitivity, durability, and stability, limiting the performance of biofeedback. Herein, the machine learning‐assisted smart motion is demonstrated for full‐body motion recognition and rehabilitation assessment using a designed triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with an unsymmetrical structure. Unsymmetrical ZnSnO 3 quantum dots (QDs) deposited in a hydrogel made of polyacrylamide as a multimodal TENG are rationally fabricated. The non‐centrosymmetric crystal structure of ZnSnO 3 QDs generates pronounced piezoelectricity, originating from lattice polarization induced by mechanical deformation at the nanoscale. Piezoelectricity enhances the density of transferred charge, adjusting the deposition amount and spatial distribution to improve the performance of TENG. C hemical crosslinking enabled by ZnSnO 3 QDs significantly enhances the tensile capacity (1082%) and high sensitivity (gauge factor = 7.38). Thus, the TENG harvests biological energy and converts it into electricity, while integrating triboelectric sensing with deep learning enables a breakthrough from simple motion perception to accurate motion pattern recognition. The unsymmetrical film offers a promising strategy to enhance the output performance and durability, offering new opportunities for proximal prediction and tactile identification functions in advanced human‐machine interfaces.

Ferroelectricity-driven strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling in two-dimensional multiferroic heterostructure - Chuanbing Cai, Yao Wen, Shiheng Liang, Lei Yin, Ruiqing Cheng, Hao Wang, Xiaoqiang Feng, Liang Liu (Nature Communications, 2025)
In the post-Moore era, CMOS technology faces challenges in storage and power consumption. Two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnets, with their atomically sharp interfaces, enable heterostructure with ferroelectric materials. Through strong magnetoelectric coupling effects, they provide an ideal platform for developing highly efficient magnetoelectric interfaces. Leveraging this ideal platform, this study proposes a strain-modulation strategy based on vertically integrated two-dimensional van der Waals multiferroic heterojunctions Fe3GaTe2/P(VDF-TrFE) to address these challenges. This structure utilizes the inverse piezoelectric effect of ferroelectric polymers to induce strain. Through magnetoelectric coupling, the heterojunction achieves non-volatile reconfiguration of the magnetic anisotropy constant of Fe3GaTe2 at room temperature. This enables fully reversible electrical control of the anomalous Hall resistance and inverter functionality. Device integration validated reconfigurab le logic gates and half-adder circuits, demonstrating ultra-low energy consumption (0.5 aJ), nanosecond-scale write speeds (5 ns), and high operational stability. Two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnetic materials can achieve efficient integration with ferroelectric materials. The authors propose a strain-modulation strategy based on multiferroic heterostructure Fe3GaTe2/P(VDF-TrFE) to achieve low power operation.

Thousandfold Boosting Peak Power Output in Piezoelectric Nanogenerator via Impact Excitation Strategy - Quan Hu, Ru Guo, Qiong Liu, Hang Luo, Qiong Liu, Hang Luo, Hang Luo (Advanced Energy Materials, 2025)
ABSTRACT Improving the output power of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) is currently the most urgent task to promote their practical application toward next‐generation flexible electronics and distributed sensor devices for an environmentally sustainable society. Despite considerable performance progress through sophisticated material design and elaborate structure optimization, the frequency mismatch between mechanical energy sources in natural scenario and the PENG device remains a crucial issue causing low energy conversion efficiency. Herein, we propose a unique mechanical excitation pattern that employs a spring‐induced impact force applied to electrospun flexible BaTiO 3 /PVDF nanocomposite film to maximize the output power of PENG. Compared with the conventional compression mode, this instantaneous stress ejection effectively reduces the force response time from 6.0 to 0.5 ms to achieve frequency up‐conversion, as evidenced by a real‐time synchronized force‐current curve. Mo reover, the impact force enhances the separation of positive and negative polarity of the piezoelectric electron cloud and contributes to generating more piezoelectric charges. Consequently, the output current and power density are significantly elevated by 40.0 and 2013.7 times to 1.04 mA cm −2 and 322.2 mW cm −2 , respectively, far surpassing recent reported PENG and triboelectric nanogenerators TENG. Surprisingly, a 16 cm 2 PENG can light up 2000 LEDs and nine bulbs in a record‐breaking, and stable operation with 63 530 cycles. Finally, a wireless temperature and humidity sensing has been successfully demonstrated through PENG's power supply, proving its actual IoT application capability. This study developed a universal and effective impact excitation strategy to enhance the output power of PENG, which is expected to be integrated with more high‐piezoelectric coefficient materials to break through performance bottlenecks in low‐frequency energy harvesting, thereby promoting the pra ctical application of PENG's energy technology.

Osteoinductive and Piezoelectrically Malleable Nanocomposite Bone Graft - Zhiwei Cao, Jiyuan Liu, Zhanhong Liu, Chengzhi Zhao, Liru Hu, Siyu Chen, Fuli Peng, Fan Yang (ACS Nano, 2025)
Repairing jawbone defects remains a clinical challenge due to the limited adaptability and regenerative capacity of conventional grafts. In this study, we designed an osteoinductive and piezoelectric composite for jawbone repair which possessed a plasticine-like texture, termed as "osteoplasticine." This material combines a stereocomplex of poly(l/d)-lactic acid and a poly(ε-caprolactone) network, imparting thermoplasticity and enabling uniform dispersion of two functional ceramic nanoparticles. Nanosized hydroxyapatite particles provide bone-forming capability, while the nanopotassium sodium niobate particles promote osteogenic differentiation and metabolic activity through piezoelectric cues upon mechanical loading or ultrasound stimulation. The osteoplasticine we synthesized exhibits good moldability when heated above physiological temperature and elicits measurable electrical signals when used. Leopard-spotted pattern osteogenesis was observed in the osteoplasticine group at both o sseous and nonosseous implantation sites. Abundant bone regenerating nodules (∼55 μm) were found in the central region of the material. The local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved in this process. This work presents a moldable and piezoelectrically responsive bone graft material that shows potential for future integration with noninvasive stimulation strategies to repair complex maxillofacial bone defects.

Dry Transfer of CVD Graphene Film Using Adhesion Switchable Ferroelectric Polymers - Deqiang Zhang, Jing Ying Yeo, Hanning Zhang, Ruslan D. Yamaletdinov, Qian Yang, Yufeng Zhan, Iñigo Martín-Fernández, Oleg V. Yazyev (Advanced Materials, 2025)
Although chemical vapor deposition (CVD) produces meter-scale, high-quality graphene (Gr) on copper (Cu) foils, its practical integration is hampered by challenges in the transfer process. Conventional wet transfers are slow, produce chemical waste, and lack scalability, whereas existing dry transfer methods struggle with mechanical damage and residues due to strong Gr-Cu adhesion and the difficulty in precisely tuning interfacial forces. Here, a fully dry, industrially compatible transfer platform utilizing a ferroelectric poly(vinylidene-fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) film with electrostatically switchable adhesion, serving as both a mechanical support and a transfer layer, is demonstrated. Negative Corona poling of P(VDF-TrFE) induces p-type doping in graphene. Density Functional Theory calculations confirm that this simultaneously reduces Gr-Cu adhesion while increasing P(VDF-TrFE)-Gr adhesion, enabling clean, large-scale graphene delamination from Cu foils with >99% cov erage. Subsequent thermal annealing above P(VDF-TrFE)'s Curie temperature (≈135 °C) depolarizes the film, neutralizing the interfacial charge for a clean release. The versatility of this method is shown for other two-dimensional (2D) materials, including molybdenum disulfide and hexagonal boron nitride. Crucially, the process has been validated on cm-scale samples using a fully automated system with a transfer time of <5 min, highlighting a viable path toward industrial-scale production of high-quality 2D material films.

Self-Powered Etiquette Training Systems Based on High-Performance ZnO Nanowire-Doped Polyvinylidene Fluoride Piezoelectric Nanogenerator - Haixin Li, Yudong Wang, Xiongxin Luo, Dengzhou Jia, Wen G. Jiang, Jiandan Liang, Shounian Cheng, Xia Cao (ACS Nano, 2025)
Etiquette plays a fundamental role in daily life and socioeconomic development, necessitating its continual advancement toward professionalization and standardization. However, traditional etiquette training methods, which rely primarily on subjective manual instruction, suffer from low efficiency and lack standardized evaluation criteria. Addressing these limitations, this study presents a real-time etiquette training monitoring platform integrating self-powered piezoelectric sensors, signal acquisition and processing modules, and a LabVIEW-based monitoring program. The platform employs flexible ZnO nanowire-doped polyvinylidene fluoride (ZnO NWs/PVDF) fiber film fabricated via oriented electrospinning, achieving a high β-phase content of 94% and an ultrahigh piezoelectric coefficient (d 33 ) of 369.4 pm/V. The corresponding piezoelectric nanogenerator (ZP-PENG) outputs an open-circuit voltage up to 39 V and demonstrates excellent human motion capture capabilities, accurately monitori ng joint movements such as elbow, neck, and waist in a range of 0–70°. Integrated with a multinode sensor network and LabVIEW software, the system effectively provides real-time, quantitative evaluation and standardized feedback on key etiquette behaviors, including handshake strength and duration, standing, and sitting postures. This data-driven, technologically empowered approach advances etiquette training from experience-based methods to a precise, scientific paradigm, promoting modernization while harmonizing technological innovation with humanistic values.

Tailoring the topography, crystalline structure, and piezoelectric response of electrospun biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) scaffolds by glycine loading - Lada E. Shlapakova, Vladimir V. Shvartsman, Boris N. Slautin, Doru C. Lupascu, Irina Yu. Grubova, Yi‐Yang Sun, Vladimir V. Botvin, Sanjay Mathur (Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2025)
Abstract Tissue engineering (TE) represents an interdisciplinary field introduced for the recovery, preservation, and improvement of tissue function. Piezopolymers make it possible to generate exogenous potentials close to endogenous ones to promote tissue regeneration. Biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) has gained particular attention; however, the piezoelectric (PE) response of PHB is poor, and there is a need to improve it without compromising the biocompatibility of the scaffold. Herein, a drastic increase in the PE response of electrospun PHB scaffolds was achieved by incorporation of homogeneously distributed crystals of piezoactive β-glycine (Gly). We successfully optimized the electrospinning parameters to prepare composite PHB fibers with Gly content (5, 15, 20, and 30 wt%) and tailored topography, crystalline structure, and PE response. Gly incorporation creates a nanoporous textured surface of polymer fibers, which improves surface area, surface wettability, and the free surface energy of intrinsically hydrophobic scaffolds. In addition, Gly crystals act as nucleators for PHB crystallization, diminishing the polymer crystallite size and increasing its crystallinity degree from (39.9 ± 0.8) % for pure PHB to (45.8 ± 1.6) % for PHB-Gly-30. Using piezoelectric force microscopy, we obtained distributions of PE response along the fibers, uncovering a considerable increase in the lateral PE response for PHB scaffolds with 30 wt% Gly (from 0.28 ± 0.13 to 3.9 ± 1.0 pm/V) due to (i) the presence of PE β-Gly phase and (ii) higher PHB crystallinity. First-principles calculations revealed that the interaction of the Gly molecule with PHB surfaces occurred predominantly through hydrogen bonding and demonstrated a mechanism ranging from strong physisorption to weak chemisorption. This study opens new fundamental insights into straightforward one-stage engineering of biodegradable piezopolymer properties and offers a prospective scaffold for a wide range of TE applications.

High‐Temperature Flexible Piezoelectric Sensors based on PZM composite Nanofiber Mats for Structural Health Monitoring in Extreme Environments - Yinhui Li, Rongyan Yin, Kai Fan, Weidong Li, Jinrong Sun, Jianguo Liang, Yunlei Zhou, Guibin Bian (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract Micro‐damage detection and recognition with sensors are crucial for structural health monitoring (SHM) in extreme environments. However, traditional high‐temperature sensors are mostly restricted below 200 °C and face poor conformability; simultaneously achieving high‐temperature resistance and good flexibility remains a major challenge. Therefore, this study presents a high‐temperature flexible piezoelectric sensor based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/zinc acetate (Zn(Ac) 2 )/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (PZM) composite nanofiber mat via electrospinning and thermal‐treatment processes. Weakened interaction between PAN nitrile groups reduce its cyclization temperature to 259.68 °C and improves its cyclization degree to 83.33% (260 °C). The fabricated PZM sensor demonstrates an exceptional performance across a broad work temperature range (25–550 °C), high sensitivity (1.84 V/N), and high piezoelectric output (15.78 V). The PZM sensor‐based monitoring system not only demon strates comparable monitoring capabilities to PZT sensors but also achieves damage diagnosis in complex curved structures under extreme high‐temperature environments. The PZM high‐temperature flexible piezoelectric sensor health monitoring system can accurately measure millimeter‐level damage, and long‐term operational stability and durability (5000 press‐releasing cycles repeated tapping test without performance loss at 400 °C). These demonstrations illustrate that the PZM sensor offers a versatile solution for hetero‐components health monitoring in high‐temperature environments.

Direct current generation in triboelectric nanogenerators through ionic dynamics and electrode polarization effects - Gerald Selasie Gbadam, Hyosik Park, Cheoljae Lee, Hyeonseo Joo, Sujeong Gwak, Hong‐Joon Yoon, Hanjun Ryu, Sang Min Lee (Nature Communications, 2025)
Efficient conversion of mechanical energy into direct current remains a significant challenge for current energy-harvesting devices. In ionic tribomaterials, the displacement and polarization of mobile ions can dynamically control both the magnitude and direction of generated charges. This process shares similarities with semiconductor-based tribovoltaic systems but differs from conventional dielectric triboelectric devices, where electrical conductivity and charge retention are often in competition. While ionic tribomaterials are receiving increasing attention, their ability to generate direct current directly from mechanical motion has not been fully investigated. Here, we show that incorporating ionic components, such as plasticizers, into a common dielectric polymer (polyvinyl chloride) transforms the output from alternating to direct current. This process is driven by contact electrification combined with electrode polarization, enabling stable direct current generation across con tact-separation, sliding, and rotary motions-modes that are typically difficult to unify in a single design. The resulting devices maintain stable output under extended operation and varying environmental conditions, demonstrating a robust and versatile route for mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion. This approach bridges the performance gap between polymer-based triboelectric devices and tribovoltaic systems, offering a broadly applicable strategy for sustainable energy harvesting technologies.

Enhancing Sensitivity of Flexible Piezoelectric Thin‐Film Acoustic Sensors via Buffer Layer Engineering for Insulation Health Monitoring of Power Cables - Ming Wu, Yiming Zhao, Zongqiang Ren, Hai Ci, Yan Cui, Linglong Li, Zhipeng Wang, Yongbin Liu (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract Partial discharge (PD) detection is critical for evaluating insulation degradation in high‐voltage power cables. Flexible piezoelectric acoustic sensors offer a compelling solution owing to their conformability to curved surfaces and strong immunity to electromagnetic interference. However, conventional piezoelectric thin films typically suffer from low sensitivity due to the intrinsic trade‐off between piezoelectric coefficient (d 33 ) and dielectric constant (ε r ). In this work, a TiO 2 buffer layer is introduced to engineer Pb(Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 )O 3 (PZT) thin films with significantly enhanced performance. The 266 nm TiO 2 buffer layer is prepared by the sol‐gel method. The TiO 2 layer reduces ε r from 650 to 150 at the frequency of ≈100 kHz, promotes refined grain, a self‐poled state, and strong (100) texture, and increases d 3 3 from 45 to 160 pm V −1 , resulting in an estimated ultrahigh piezoelectric voltage constant g 3 3 of 124 mV·m·N −1 . The fabricated flexible senso r exhibits a wide frequency response up to 600 kHz with an average sensitivity of 65 dB and peak sensitivity exceeding 70 dB. It captures high‐resolution acoustic signals of PD events in a 110 kV power cable, outperforming both unmodified PZT and commercial PVDF sensors. Long‐term and thermal stability evaluations confirm excellent durability. This study presents a robust strategy for tuning piezoelectric thin‐film properties via interface engineering and demonstrates the potential of TiO 2 ‐buffered PZT sensors for advanced acoustic sensing in power equipment insulation health monitoring applications.

Strong piezoelectric-like electromechanical response from single granular PMMA interface - Ignaas S. M. Jimidar, Artis Linarts, Kai Sotthewes, Jānis Lungevičs, Peter C. Sherrell, Andris Šutka (Nano Energy, 2025)
Energy harvesting devices, namely triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), are rapidly garnering interest. As such, a great deal of research is devoted to developing electromechanically responsive materials, particularly flexible polymers. State-of-the-art materials are typically made from toxic fluoropolymers, which need to be avoided due to environmental contamination risks. In this work, we investigate the electromechanical response of a granular-based electromechanical device. Close-packed monolayers comprising polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) beads with diameters of 0.5 or 3.0 μ m are assembled using a solvent-free rubbing method. Subsequently, the ordered monolayers are brought into contact, while a force is cyclically applied in a quasi-static mode and during buzzer testing. The beads enable the production of ultra-thin polymer layers (with a combined thickness of only 3.5 μ m) with controlled morphology (Set by the bead size), which is highly challenging for other polymers. Our findings show that we achieve a d 33 value of 19 (in quasi-static mode) and 117 pC/N (buzzer test) for the granular-based PMMA electromechanical device, elucidating the great potential of such beads in mechanical energy harvesting devices, as it matches and outperforms most state-of-the-art polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric materials. • Piezoelectric-like response from non-piezoelectric polymer spheres. • Rapid (<20 s) dry assembly of close-packed PMMA bead monolayers as ultra-thin layers. • Granule-based single-interface achieves d 33 up to 117 pC/N in buzzer-mode test. • Nanoscale triboelectrification drives enhanced electromechanical performance. • Stable operation over 3000 cycles with friction-preserving close-packed layers.

Synergistic Anti‐Cancer Therapy Through Ultrasound‐Induced Piezocatalytic Therapy and Tumor Treatment Fields - Jing Jin, Haoyue Xue, Keliang Chen, Yonglin Su, Xin Hu, Xiaolin Hu, Xing Huang, Laiming Jiang (Advanced Science, 2025)
The integration of therapeutic modalities to enhance cancer treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes offers remarkable benefits over monotherapies and has attracted considerable attention. Herein, a synergistic anti-cancer therapy leveraging the benefits of physical tumor treating fields (TTFs) and dynamic piezocatalytic therapy (PCT) is presented, aiming to offer an optimized scheme while minimizing systemic side effects. First, a wearable ultrasound-induced wireless energy harvester based on biocompatible lead-free potassium sodium niobate-based piezocomposites is developed to enable efficient acoustic-to-electric conversion. The flexible printed circuit board architecture with two pairs of half-ring electrodes not only generates wide-anging alternating electric fields but also facilitates easy fixation and wearability. Second, biocompatible piezoelectric nanoparticles (NPs) serve as the piezocatalysts to promote the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to directly interfere with biological processes. Finally, in vivo evaluations using mouse models demonstrate that the combination of ultrasound-activated PCT and TTFs significantly inhibits tumor growth and modulates the tumor immune microenvironment. Notably, prominent synergistic antitumor effects are also observed in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), highlighting a versatile approach to advance cancer treatment.

Scalable solution-processed ferroelectric polymers exhibiting markedly enhanced piezoelectricity - Ze Yuan, Hui Tong, Zekai Fei, Chenyi Li, Yang Liu (Nature Communications, 2025)
Intensive efforts have been made to enhance the weak piezoelectric coefficients of ferroelectric polymers for flexible and wearable devices. However, previous approaches are highly dependent on synthesis of desired composition and complex/hash processing conditions while the scalability remains rarely addressed limiting practical applicability. Here we report large piezoelectric coefficient d33 in scalable solution-processed ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) copolymers modified by C=C and C=O double bonds. We reveal that the introduction of C=C double bonds tune the energetic competition between ordered and disordered crystalline conformations. As a result, greatly enhanced d33 of −90.5 pC N-1 and dielectric constant of 22.7 are achieved, corresponding to about 3 times and 2 times as large as that of benchmark poly(vinylidene fluoride). We fabricate flexible and wearable sensors enabling detection of various signals such as pressure and sound with high sensit ivity, which find promise in pressure mapping, health monitoring and acoustic sensing applications. Previous approaches to enhance the weak piezoelectric coefficients in ferroelectric polymers depend on synthesis of desired composition and complex processing conditions with low scalability. Here the authors report large piezoelectric coefficient in scalable solution-processed ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) copolymers by modifying C=C and C=O double bonds.

Improved piezoelectric and conductive properties of bent-core liquid crystal-polymer composites for sustainable energy harvesting - Kaustav Jit Bora, Supreet Kaur, Aloka Sinha (Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2025)
Organic piezoelectric polymer materials have recently garnered substantial interest owing to their potential applications in sustainable as well as renewable energy sources for small-power electronics. In the present work, a novel bent-core liquid crystal (BCLC) ( 6-F-OH) is infused with the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) host that demonstrates an augmented piezoelectric performance with an elevated electrical conductivity. A simple yet cost-effective fabrication process is employed to achieve high-efficiency piezoelectric polymer composite free-standing films with improved flexibility for future-ready wearable device applications. A comprehensive investigation of the role of BCLCs in promoting the electroactive polar β-phase within the host polymer is conducted. The energy harvesting performances were evaluated at varying frequencies for the optimization of the BCLC-infused composite-based piezoelectric devices. The result reveals a maximum piezoelectric performance at 3 wt.% concentr ation of BCLC producing an output open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of ≈ 25 V PP and short circuit current ( I SC ) of ≈ 700 nA, a multi-fold enhancement as compared to pristine PVDF-based devices. Moreover, the composite film with 3 wt.% BCLC/PVDF demonstrates the highest remnant polarization and dielectric constant value among all the samples. The effective rise in the electrical conductivity of the BCLC-infused composite at an optimized weight fraction over its pristine PVDF counterpart is also discussed based on the percolative pathways produced by the BCLCs at the interfaces of the composite domains. Finally, some of the applications of the devised organic energy harvesters are demonstrated. The proposed integration of such LCs with the PVDF opens a unique pathway towards an all-organic polymer composite-based energy harvesting device for self-powered device applications.

High‐Performance of Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric PVDF ‐TrFE Based Composites Engineered by MWCNTs@BaTiO 3 Heterostructure - Kejun Shi, Haoyu Xiao, Sepide Taleb, Francisco Javier Flores‐Ruiz, Mónica Acuautla (Small, 2025)
Abstract The incorporation of piezoelectric ceramic nanofillers has been shown to effectively promote the formation of piezoelectric phases in PVDF‐TrFE polymers, thereby improving both piezoelectric and ferroelectric performance. However, the intrinsic depolarization shielding exerted by the polymer matrix hinders the full polarization of the ceramic phases, thus limiting the improvement of the matrix electrical performance. Here, a novel strategy is proposed by the construction of Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)@BaTiO 3 heterostructures to enhance the polarization of composite films. For the first time, MWCNTs are grown in‐situ on BaTiO 3 nanoparticles by chemical vapor deposition, using their local field enhancement to promote dipole alignment within BaTiO 3 . With only 5 wt.% of filler, the films exhibit high remanent polarization (14.29 µC cm −2 ) and piezoelectric coefficients (61.2 pm V −1 ). Notably, the films maintain a robust piezoelectric response (2.45 V) even under non‐transient mechanical loading, high‐lighting their potential for acoustic sensing applications. Furthermore, the in‐situ interface engineering approach mitigates MWCNTs aggregation within the matrix, obviating labor‐intensive post‐processing steps such as purification or functionalization. These results in a simplified and cost‐effective fabrication route. These findings provide a novel strategy for tuning interfaces in ceramic‐reinforced piezoelectric systems, contributing to the advancement of high‐performance flexible electronics and wearable systems.

Innovative Self‐Powered Sensing: Potential of Fabrigami and Electrospun Nanofiber‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Joint Biomechanics Monitoring - K. R. Sanjaya D. Gunawardhana, Fang Zhou, Garrett B. McGuinness, Luz Alejandra Magre, Sonal Santosh Baberwal, Waseem Ahmad Wani, Brian J. Rodriguez, Robert O’Connor (Small, 2025)
Abstract This work presents a high‐performance, self‐powered triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) embedded into an origami‐inspired fabric (“fabrigami”) structure for real‐time joint biomechanics monitoring. The device consists of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as the electronegative layer and silver‐doped cellulose acetate (Ag‐CA) as the electropositive layer, with enhanced surface charge density and mechanical durability. The fabrigami architecture amplifies contactseparation dynamics, enabling efficient detection of movements during joint motion while preserving conformability and air permeability. The optimized TENG based on 1.5% Ag in CA against PVDF exhibits remarkable electrical output characteristics, including an open‐circuit voltage of 155.9 V, short‐circuit current density of 8.134 mA m −2 , and transferred charge density of 65.62 µC m‐, with an instantaneous peak power density of 0.029 W m −2 achieved through an 11 MΩ external load resistance. The power conversion efficiency is 4.6–92.8% for 100–5 µm elastic compression of electrospun samples under 10 N, 2 Hz actuation. Sensor stability is observed over 15 000 cycles. The fabrigami knee sleeve includes a Bluetooth‐enabled microcontroller transmitting real‐time motion data wirelessly to measure joint angles and distinguish movement activities. This work demonstrates a novel strategy combining material innovation (Ag‐CA nanofibers) with structural configurability to create a breathable and power‐autonomous smart textile.

High-performance piezoelectric nanocomposite of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) with 2D crystalline ferroelectric chalcogel - T. T. Dieu, Thanh Duy Cam Ha, Minh Chien Nguyen, Tran Quang Trung, Jae–Hyeok Cho, Minh Nhut Le, Bobin Kang, Woo Jong Yu (Science Advances, 2025)
Ferro-piezoelectricity occurs in robust and ordered crystalline materials, where polarization is reoriented under an external field. However, complex electric fields, disordered networks, and porous materials with poor crystallinity hinder the development of high-performance ferro-piezoelectric materials. Here, we describe two-dimensional (2D) crystalline Na-Mn-Sn-S chalcogels ([Sn 2 S 6 ] 4− :Mn 2+ at a molar ratio of 1:0.5; NMSC-1) with a unique arrangement within a disordered network, resulting in unprecedented intrinsic ferro-piezoelectric characteristics. The NMSC-1 can be used as an efficient filler in poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoro ethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)]/NMSC-1 nanocomposite, enhancing crystallization of P(VDF-TrFE) and its ferro-piezoelectricity. Even at a low filler content of 0.5 wt %, the P(VDF-TrFE)/NMSC-1 nanocomposite exhibits superior piezoelectric performance compared with pure P(VDF-TrFE), P(VDF-TrFE)/other Na-Mn-Sn-S chalcogels (NMSC-2 and NMSC-3 with [Sn 2 S 6 ] 4− :Mn 2+ molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, respectively) with poor crystallinity, and nanocomposites of P(VDF-TrFE) and other 2D nanomaterials (Na-Mn-Sn-S powders, MgAl-layered double hydroxides, and SnS 2 nanoflowers), implying potential uses in sensing applications and the harvesting of mechanical energy.

High Flexible, Ultra‐Robust Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Based on Hexagonal α‐Beryllium Oxide/PVDF Composite Thin Film: E‐Skin and Energy Harvesting Applications - Chandrashekhar S. Patil, Jungmin Kim, Sourabh B. Ghode, Mandar Vasant Paranjape, Jaydip Sawant, Muhammad Noman, Qazi Muhammad Saqib, M. Kim (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract Flexible piezoelectric thin‐film devices are gaining prominence in modern electronics due to their potential in intelligent and self‐powered applications. The performance of such devices strongly depends on the dielectric properties of the active layer materials. In this work, hexagonal α‐beryllium oxide (BeO) crystals are synthesized via a low‐temperature sol–gel polymerization process, with citric acid (CA) as a precursor at varying concentrations (1–4 wt%). Among these, BeO‐B 8 (2 wt% CA) exhibited the highest dielectric constant (11.4). Further, a flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) is successfully fabricated by combining polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with various BeO‐X formulations (X = A 8 , B 8 , C 8 , and D 8 ). The BeO‐B 8 /PVDF film combination exhibits the highest dielectric constant (24.87), indicating its potential for superior performance. A flexible piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) optimized with 0.5 wt% BeO‐B 8 can generate 8 V and 2.5 µA under perio dic mechanical stimuli, yielding a power density of ≈7.5 µW/cm 2 at 20 MΩ load resistance. The proposed composite material properties are characterized through techniques including XRD, SEM, AFM, FTIR, dielectric, mechanical, and electrical analyses. The fabricated BeO‐B 8 /PVDF PENG achieves potential results for self‐powered applications, including artificial e‐skin for spatial pressure sensing, jaw and finger movement tracking, and biomechanical and acoustic energy harvesting, underscoring its versatility in next‐generation electronics.

Shear Piezoelectricity and Electromechanical Conversion for a Pair of Chiral Hybrid Metal Halides with Reversible Phase Transition - Bao‐Yi Jian, Xue Lv, Lian‐Cai An, Guo‐Ming Wang (Small, 2025)
Abstract Organic–inorganic hybrid metal halide piezoelectrics have gathered considerable interests due to its excellent piezoelectric output performance and remarkable structural flexibility, making them suitable for smart integrated application such as wearable devices and implantable medical instruments. However, constructing the multifunctional piezoelectrics still face great challenge. Here, a pair of zero‐dimensional chiral hybrid metal halide piezoelectrics, R ‐/ S ‐ MPCoCl 4 ( R ‐/ S ‐ MP = 2‐methylpiperazine), are reported and studied their piezoelectric energy harvesting and human motion sensing properties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that this chiral piezoelectric material possesses relatively low elastic modulus ( E = 11.2–20.9 GPa) and high piezoelectric constant (10.5 pC·N −1 ). Subsequently, R‐/S‐ MPCoCl 4 /PBAT (PBAT = poly(butylene adipate‐ co ‐terephthalate) piezoelectric thin‐film devices prepared via composite processing exhibit outstandi ng piezoelectric output performance. The piezoelectric device with 10 wt.% R‐/S‐ MPCoCl 4 content shows optimal output properties, achieving an open‐circuit voltage of 7.9 V and power density of 0.1 µW·cm −2 , while maintaining stable performance after 4500 cycles. Furthermore, the device shows highly sensitive sensing capabilities for human movements, enabling real‐time detection of subtle mechanical signals. These chiral hybrid metal halides, leveraging the synergistic advantages of flexibility and piezoelectric performance, show significant application potential in intelligent wearable systems and biomedical sensors.

Precise Regulation of D‐Band Centers Inducing to High‐Efficiency Dual‐Channel Piezocatalytic H 2 O 2 Production - Huinan Che, Xuanchen Wang, Hanqi Yue, Cheng Chen, Daoyue Xie, Shuran Yang, Bin Liu, Yanhui Ao (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract Piezocatalysis is a promising and eco‐friendly technology for hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) synthesis; however, its efficiency is limited by the limited active sites and slow kinetics. Herein, a novel strategy is reported that achieves spatial separation of oxidation/reduction sites by precisely tuning the d ‐band center, enabling efficient H 2 O 2 production via dual‐channel path. Results illustrate that carbon shell engineering induces an upshift in the d ‐band center of CdS (C@CdS), which optimizes the adsorption free energy of key intermediates ( * OOH) and consequently reduces the energy barrier of H 2 O 2 formation by two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e − ORR). Additionally, the carbon shell not only enhances piezoelectric response and strain‐mediated charge separation, but also provides oxidation sites facilitating H 2 O 2 generation through water oxidation reaction (WOR). The optimized catalyst (C 0.01 @CdS) demonstrates outstanding performance, attaining a remar kable H 2 O 2 production rate of 1481.4 µmol g −1 h −1 in a pure water/air system. Moreover, C 0.01 @CdS demonstrates superior degradation efficiency for persistent micropollutants under stirred conditions (1000 rpm) when incorporated into the composite membrane (C 0.01 @CdS/PVDF). This work pioneers a green route for efficient piezocatalytic H 2 O 2 synthesis while establishing a dual‐functional platform for effective pollutant remediation.

Wireless Acousto‐Piezoelectric Conduit with Aligned Nanofibers for Neural Regeneration - Sera Jeon, Dabin Kim, Min-Young Jo, Chae‐Min Ryu, Daniel Sanghyun Cho, Byung‐Ok Choi, Jae Kwang Kim, Miso Kim (Advanced Materials, 2025)
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) represents a significant clinical challenge, leading to severe motor and sensory dysfunction, as well as irreversible tissue atrophy. Autograft has been commonly utilized as the clinical gold standard; however, it is limited by donor availability and secondary surgery requirements. Here, an ultrasound-responsive, highly aligned piezoelectric nanofiber nerve guidance conduit (APNF-NGC) is introduced for peripheral nerve regeneration. Fabricated from electrospun poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofibers, the APNF-NGC features an anisotropically oriented architecture with shear piezoelectricity, providing both structural support and wireless electrical stimulation. The incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) tailors mechanical properties, increases piezoelectric-phase crystallinity, and improves the surface hydrophilicity, thereby enhancing both biocompatibility and acousto-piezoelectric response. Finite element analysis and electrical assessment confirm that u ltrasound activation of the APNF-NGC generates an axially oriented electric field, facilitating directional axon elongation. In vivo studies using an 8-mm sciatic nerve defect rat model demonstrated that the APNF-NGC achieved nerve reinnervation comparable to that of autografts, as comprehensively validated by behavioral, motor function, and histological evaluations. This dual-function platform, combining physical guidance with electrical stimulation, presents a promising strategy for neural tissue engineering, offers a potential breakthrough in treating long-gap PNIs.

Metal‐Organic Framework Embedded Electrospun Fibrous Membranes‐Based Hybrid Nanogenerators with Hierarchical Modified Polyamide Films for Mechanical Energy Harvesting and IoT Applications - Sontyana Adonijah Graham, Anand Kurakula, Venkata Siva Kavarthapu, Jun Kyu Lee, Punnarao Manchi, Mandar Vasant Paranjape, Jae Su Yu (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract In this report, a hybrid nanogenerator (HNG) that integrates a metal‐organic framework (MOF)‐loaded electrospun fibrous film with a hierarchically modified nylon (HMN) film is developed. The electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix embedded with zinc‐MOF forms a high‐performance triboelectric negative layer, while the HMN, with its micropatterns and pores, serves as the positive counterpart, significantly increasing surface area and boosting charge generation. By optimizing the MOF loading concentration in the PVDF film, the electrical performance of the device is greatly enhanced, yielding a voltage output of ≈402 V, a current of ≈18 µA, and a charge density of ≈240 µC m − 2 . The HNG's excellent performance is further explored in the context of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, with a focus on smart automotive systems. When integrated into car seats, the HNG successfully acquires real‐time pressure distribution data, enabling the monitoring of occupant posture and seating position. These data can be used to train artificial intelligence models for adaptive airbag deployment, offering enhanced safety during emergencies. The high sensitivity of the HNG to low‐frequency stimuli demonstrates its potential for next‐generation applications in automobile safety systems and wearable motion‐sensing devices. This innovative design, by combining advanced materials and optimized structures, offers a promising approach to self‐powered systems with applications in smart vehicles, IoT, and human‐machine interaction.

Self‐Powered Triboelectric–Piezoelectric Hybrid Acoustic Sensor with Microcone Patterned Film Based on Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/ LNKNTS‐Mn Nanorods Composite - Iqra Shahbaz, Zhiyu Yao, SUMBUL REHMAN, Jinxia Deng, Yanlin Song, Lihong Li (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract Hybrid piezoelectric/triboelectric nanogenerators combine the merits of piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators, possessing enhanced electrical output and sensitivity. The growth of the Internet of Things has focused attention on acoustic sensors as a key technology. However, it remains challenging to achieve high sensing accuracy and self‐power capability, and the structures of the majority of hybrid nanogenerators are complex in integrating both functions, which limits their practical application in wearable electronics. Here, constructing a self‐powered triboelectric‐piezoelectric hybrid acoustic sensor (TPAS) is proposed with a simple structure based on a poly(vinylidene fluoride)/LNKNTS‐Mn nanorods composite film to simultaneously achieve coupling of piezoelectric charge generation and triboelectrification, thereby improving energy conversion efficiency. TPAS demonstrates outstanding acoustic sensing capabilities, achieving sensitivity and figure of merit sensitivi ty (FOM sens ) of 162.5 mV Pa −1 and 42.33 mV·Pa −1 ·cm −2 , respectively, at 200 Hz and 94 dB, a broad frequency range (100 Hz–3 kHz). Leveraging machine learning and deep learning algorithms, the system achieves classification accuracies of 95% during training and 98% during testing across 300 voice samples spanning six distinct categories. These results underscore the potential of triboelectric–piezoelectric hybrid sensors as a foundational platform for the next generation of intelligent bioelectronic systems, offering a universal approach to advanced human–machine interaction.

Lone pair expression in fluorinated two-dimensional hybrid perovskite enables multiaxial ferroelectricity and nonlinear optical response - Hao‐Fei Ni, Qi-Fang Zhou, Jia‐Qi Luo, Gele Teri, Lei Pan, Lou‐Kai Ye, Qiang‐Qiang Jia, Pei‐Zhi Huang (Nature Communications, 2025)
Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) with tunable octahedra are promising for flexible devices due to spontaneous-polarization-driven functionalities like ferroelectric memory, piezoelectric sensing and optical switches. However, achieving large spontaneous polarization and strong second harmonic generation (SHG) remains challenging for 2D HOIP ferroelectrics. Here, we report a 2D HOIP ferroelectric (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)2GeBr4 designed by molecular fluorination. Remarkably, (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)2GeBr4 exhibits large saturation polarization (>15 μC/cm2), high Curie temperature (401 K) and the strongest SHG intensity among 2D HOIP ferroelectrics (about 6.2 times of KH2PO4). These properties arise from the synergy of two mechanisms: the 4s2 lone pair on Ge2+ and the orientational ordering of 4,4-difluoropiperidinium cations. Moreover, (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)2GeBr4 features eight equivalent polarization directions (the maximum number among reported 2D HOIP ferroelectrics), enabling its composite (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)2GeBr4@thermoplastic polyurethane device to exhibit prominent piezoelectric sensing. Our work offers a reliable route to high-performance 2D hybrid ferroelectrics and highlights their potential in flexible devices. The authors realize a two-dimensional hybrid perovskite with robust multiaxial ferroelectricity and nonlinear optical response via molecular fluorination and lone pair expression of Ge2+, enabling prominent piezoelectric sensing in composite device

Enhanced Piezoelectricity in Sustainable-By-Design Chitosan Nanocomposite Soft Thin Films for Green Sensors - Jacopo Nicoletti, Leonardo Puppulin, Julie Routurier, Saimir Frroku, Nouha Loudhaief, Claudia Crestini, Alvise Perosa, Maurizio Selva (ACS Nano, 2025)
Piezoelectricity, the generation of an electric charge in response to mechanical stress, is a key property in both natural and synthetic materials.This study significantly boosts the piezoelectric response of chitosan, a biodegradable biopolymer, by integrating chitin/surface-deacetylated chitin nanocrystals into natural chitosan-based thin films.The resulting materials, produced in our laboratories, achieve d 33 values of up to 18.7 1.1 pm V -1 , a marked improvement over 8.9 0.6 pm V -1 observed in pure chitosan films, thanks to the increased crystallinity provided by the nanocrystals.We utilize piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) to accurately measure the d 33 coefficient, employing an engineered extraction method that eliminates the electrostatic contribution, which can overestimate the piezoelectric response.This work introduces a soft, elastomer-like piezoelectric thin film entirely derived from upcycled biowaste.The chitosan-based films combine high elasticity (up to 40% strain ) with a low Young's modulus (100 MPa), closely mimicking soft biological tissues.Unlike previously reported piezoelectric materials, which typically rely on synthetic or inorganic components, our films are fully biobased and mechanically compliant, making them ideal for applications in prosthetics, wearable devices, soft robotics, and sustainable energy harvesting.

A Multimodal Sensory Textile Using Programmable Ferroelectric Nanocomposites - Weixiong Li, Weixiong Li, Xuran Li, Xiao Xiao, Farid Manshaii, Xiaolan Luo, Guorui Chen, Weizhi Li (Advanced Materials, 2025)
Abstract With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, multimodal sensing is becoming increasingly important. However, conventional approaches relying on multiple integrated sensors face significant challenges due to power consumption and miniaturization requirements. In response, a wearable multimodal sensory textile (MST) for simultaneous mechanical and thermal sensing is developed. The MST demonstrates exceptional capabilities for concurrent mechanical and thermal tactile sensing, with a pressure sensitivity of 0.9 V N −1 and temperature sensitivity of 38.7 pA K −1 . This outstanding sensing performance is attributed to the mechanical and thermal reinforcement of the programmable ferroelectric nanocomposite enabled by topological engineering. By combining phase‐field simulation with experimental characterization, it is revealed that the alignment of ceramic fillers not only promotes spontaneous polarization and out‐of‐plane domain fraction under external poling but also est ablishes bimodal pathways for efficient stress and heat transmission. The programmable arrangement and orientation of ferroelectric oxide fillers, achieved by tuning dielectrophoretic voltage, frequency, and temperature, boost piezoelectric and pyroelectric responses by 114% and 131%, respectively, compared to randomly distributed counterparts. This work offers insights into the underlying mechanism of topological modulation in polymer composites and provides new possibilities for designing high‐performance functional materials for multimodal sensing, as well as self‐powered multimodal sensors for human–machine interfaces and virtual reality.

Polarizing‐Free Triboelectric Dipoles Achieving High Piezoelectric‐Like Sensors - Xuemei Wang, Runfeng Yu, Wangshu Tong, Yulun Liu, Youpeng Zhang, Youpeng Zhang, Meng Wang, Hongwei Liao (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract The fundamental limitation of conventional piezoelectric technologies stems from their intrinsic dipole dependency, where traditional materials (such as ceramics, polymers, and piezoelectric elastomer composites) suffer from mechanical rigidity, inefficient polarizing processes, and compromised electromechanical conversion. Here, a paradigm‐shifting triboelectric dipole architecture is proposed that mimics piezoelectric behaviour through contact electrification. By embedding rationally designed charge‐transfer pairs within elastomer matrices, polarizing‐free triboelectric dipole alignment is achieved with a controlled dipole moment. The self‐powered elastomer exhibited a high piezoelectric‐like coefficient () of 385 pC/N, a low Young's modulus of 0.304 MPa and endogenous electric output (10 V, 90 nA). Subsequent encapsulation ensured voltage retention after water spray and immersion tests. A self‐powered piezoelectric‐like sensor insole based on vertically aligned triboelectri c dipole arrays is developed for plantar pressure monitoring. By integrating three‐channel sensing data with a 1D convolutional neural network, it achieved 97.92% accuracy in identifying four gaits (O‐leg, X‐leg, tiptoe walking, normal walking), offering a reliable solution for early‐stage diagnosis. This work establishes a universal design strategy for elastomers that simultaneously achieves low Young's modulus and enhanced electromechanical conversion, opening new frontiers in flexible self‐powered systems for next‐generation wearable healthcare technologies.

Realization of Precise Human Gesture Recognition via a Self‐Powered Flexible Sensor Based on Thermal Expansion‐Treated and Potassium Ion‐Modified VMT/PDMS Film - Yukai Zhang, Mingcong Tang, Chengyu Chen, Yuxin Shi, Weijin Wang, Zhaofeng Wu (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract 2D materials hold significant promise for piezoelectric nanogenerator applications, yet scalable fabrication remains hindered by technical challenges. This study introduces an innovative approach by leveraging natural layered silicate vermiculite (VMT) as the functional material. Through systematic investigations combining thermal expansion and metal ion intercalation, elucidate the interplay between structural expansion, ionic modification, and piezoelectric voltage output. Notably, K + ‐intercalated expanded VMT (K‐VMT) demonstrates a remarkable output voltage of 20 V—nearly triple that of unmodified counterparts—underscoring its superior efficacy as a piezoelectric sensing layer. Building on this advancement, a flexible self‐powered piezoelectric sensor is fabricated using a K‐VMT/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. The device exhibits exceptional mechanical stability and flexibility, achieving a low detection limit of 0.01 N. Real‐time human motion tracking, pressure gr adient discrimination, and gesture recognition capabilities are demonstrated, and different gestures are recognized through the feature extraction framework of 1D multi‐granularity convolution, and the recognition rate can reach 99.86%. This work not only expands the application scope of 2D materials in piezoelectric sensing but also establishes a cost‐effective, eco‐friendly pathway for high‐performance flexible devices. The integration of abundant natural minerals with scalable processing techniques represents a transformative strategy for next‐generation energy‐autonomous sensors.

Strain-coupled, crystalline polymer-inorganic interfaces for efficient magnetoelectric sensing - Binbin He, Yuanyuan He, Wenhui Wang, Yingzhi Sun, Shengwen Kong, Jin Huang, Yunfei Ru, Bingchao Qin (Science, 2025)
Magnetoelectric sensing holds promise for flexible sensors, offering precise detection of both electric and magnetic fields with minimal power consumption. However, its practical use has been constrained by weak magnetoelectric effects and limited overall performance, particularly under mechanical strain. Herein, we fabricated robust magnetoelectric polymer-inorganic nanocomposites through an interfacial cocrystallization strategy. By leveraging diazonium chemistry on vanadium diselenide (VSe 2 ) monolayers, we created a submolecular-flat interface between ferromagnetic VSe 2 and ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocrystals. This highly crystalline interface has few mobile polymer chains and thus limits energy dissipation and enhances interfacial energy transfer. The scalable composite films show exceptional magnetoelectric performance, with a magnetocapacitive coefficient of 23.6%. These films enable ultrafast magnetoelectric detection, approaching a 10-fold increase in speed compared with conventional sensors, and offer opportunities for integrating multifunctional materials such as thermoelectric coolers into wearable devices.

A Real‐Time Solar UVA Dose Monitor Based on Recyclable Azobenzene‐Containing Elastomer Fabrics - Tianhao Chen, Zhefeng Liu, Sha Sha, Rui Wang, Siwei Chen, Yalan Sun, Hancong Zheng, Aihua Chen (Advanced Materials, 2025)
Abstract Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a primary cause of skin cancer and erythema, poses irreversible risks to human health, underscoring the urgent need for advanced solar UV detector. Herein, we present a novel intrinsically flexible UVA detector featuring real‐time monitoring, high performance and recyclability. This breakthrough is achieved through engineered oriented composite fabrics combining main‐chain azobenzene‐thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (Az‐TPU) with piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐TrFE)] nanogenerators. The molecular architecture employs azobenzene groups and 4,4′‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) as hard segment, while polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG) forms the soft segment. The physical cross‐linking network and homogeneous microphase‐separated structure enables the fabrics to generate substantial internal stress, resulting in superior photoelectrical conversion capabilities. The device we report achieves an 80 ms response time and maintains excellent linear correlation (R 2 = 0.997) across a broad light intensity range (0.05–50 mW·cm −2 ). Remarkably, the fabric achieves dynamic UV light monitoring when subjected to a tensile strain of 10%. Integrated with Bluetooth communication, the device enables real‐time data transmission to mobile devices for continuous UVA intensity and dose monitoring throughout daily sunlight exposure. With demonstrated capability for solar UVA measurement, this technology presents significant industrial potential for wearable solar UV monitoring systems.

Biodegradable Piezoelectric Amino Acid Nerve Guidance Conduit Repairs Long‐Gap Nerve Defect Under Low Frequency Vibration from Massage Gun - Genglin Chen, Quanhong Hu, Chuyu Tang, Songjing Zhong, Shaobo Wang, Zhuoheng Jiang, Shuncheng Yao, Qinyu Zhao (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) poses significant challenges due to limited regeneration capacity, with autografts being the current gold standard despite drawbacks like donor site morbidity. Conductive nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) integrating electrical stimulation (ES) show promise but require invasive external power sources. Here, a biodegradable, piezoelectric NGC is presented, composed of aligned polycaprolactone (PCL)‐β‐glycine composite nanofibers, which generate ES in response to low‐frequency mechanical vibrations, enabling wireless nerve regeneration. β‐glycine is stabilized in PCL nanofibers via a one‐step electrospinning process, ensuring phase stability and uniform distribution. The NGCs exhibited high piezoelectric output under mechanical stress, including low‐frequency vibrations from a massage gun. In vitro and in vivo experimental results demonstrated that piezoelectric stimulation significantly enhanced Schwann cell myelination and neurite outgrowth, enabling robust structural repair of 10 mm sciatic nerve defects, with 99% restoration of motor function and 96% recovery of nerve conduction, comparable to autograft performance. These biodegradable NGCs address critical limitations of existing therapies, presenting a promising approach for PNI treatment.

Multilayered piezo-tribo hybrid nanogenerator integrated with machine learning for advanced sign language to speech system - Monunith Anithkumar, Asokan Poorani Sathya Prasanna, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Thanjan Shaji Bincy, Kwi‐Il Park, Sang‐Jae Kim (Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials, 2025)
Multilayer structured piezo-triboelectric hybrid nanogenerators (m-PT-HNG) are emerging as promising candidates for next-generation wearable sensors owing to their ability to harvest energy with high sensitivity and enhanced output. In this work, we report a reliable and sensitive multilayered intrinsic piezo-tribo hybrid nanogenerator (m-PT-HNG) based on a multilayer piezoelectric composite nanogenerator (m-PCNG) architecture combined with triboelectric functionality. The m-PCNG fabricated via parallelly connected multilayers demonstrate significant enhancement of output performance compared to single-layer PCNG. The ferroelectric, piezoelectric performance of Cu 2 O-doped 0.3Ba 0.7 Ca 0.3 TiO 3 -0.7BaSn 0.12 Ti 0.88 O 3 (BCST-0.01Cu 2 O) ceramic fillers was systematically optimized by applying various piston loads (10 to 50 kN) and an electric field of 25 kV/cm. The resulting intrinsically coupled m-PT-HNG produces an instantaneous power density of 85.36 mW/m 2 at 200 MΩ. To demonstr ate practical utility, a sign language recognition smart glove (SLR-SG) was developed integrating the five m-PT-HNGs, enabling accurate sign language classification through a machine learning algorithm and real-time sign language to speech conversion via a mobile application.

Ultra-soft organic combined film with piezoelectricity induced by liquid-liquid interface polar engineering - Yongkang Zhang, Xiaonan Hu, Zhaonan Yan, Siyu Zhang, Jiling Zhao, Hao Sun, Shuhai Liu, Yong Qin (Nature Communications, 2025)
Although organic piezoelectric materials are increasingly being studied in the field of biomechanical sensing, the combination of high piezoelectricity and high softness is still a huge challenge due to the existence of steric hindrance effect. To conquer this, a polar engineering utilizing liquid-liquid interface induced orientation is developed. It induces polar asymmetry in two linear polymers (polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene/polyethylene glycol, PEG/SIS) with low steric hindrance through a polar interface, thereby achieving high piezoelectricity in a soft material system. This PEG/SIS combined film not only exhibits a piezoelectric coefficient as high as 22.9 pC/N, and stable performance, without attenuation for 60 days, which is comparable to the piezoelectricity of the natural organic materials PVDF, but also has an ultra-softness (~1 × 10–6 Pa–1) similar to that of skin, cartilage and aorta, showing high mechanical compliance with biological tissues. This work g ives an approach for the development of organic piezoelectric materials, and is expected to achieve large-scale production and application of highly sensitive flexible biomechanical sensors on various surfaces and in vivo environments. Piezoelectric materials are promising for biomechanical sensing, though balancing piezoelectric and mechanical properties is challenging. Here, the authors report a polymer film utilizing liquid-liquid interface, optimizing these properties for biomechanical sensors.

Halide‐Tunable Bond Engineering for High‐Performance Multi‐Responsive Piezoelectric Sensors via Enhanced Electrostatic Polarization in In Situ Perovskite‐Embedded PVDF Nanofibers - Samiran Garain, Delong He, Hadrien Monluc, Hichem Dammak, Jinbo Bai (Small, 2025)
Abstract Developing piezoelectric materials with substantial strain output and large voltage constant, alongside superior piezoelectric performance and mechanical softness remains a long‐standing challenge for promising practical applications. Herein, an in‐situ fabrication strategy is demonstrated to resolve these obstacles by engineering molecular bond angle/length and simultaneously improving electrostatic polarization domain in self‐aligned halide perovskite nanorods (NRs) embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers (NFs). Introducing large‐size iodine into CsPbBr 3 crystals weakens metal‐halide bonds in CsPbI 2 Br, softening bond strength and enhancing electrostatic polarization in PVDF. The optimized CsPbI 2 Br/PVDF NFs membrane achieves exceptional piezoelectric performance, with a high piezoelectric coefficient ( d 33 ) of 67.5 pC N −1 and a piezoelectric figure of merit of 10.7 × 10 −12 m 2 N −1 , representing 562% and 443% enhancements over the pure PVDF NFs membrane, respectively. Simultaneously, it offers superior mechanical softness, exhibiting a Young's modulus of ≈208 MPa and a strain up to 91.5%. Density functional theory is employed to predict the halide‐tunable latice distortion, which is responsible for the enhanced piezoelectricity. Furthermore, the fabricated sensor demonstrates excellent stability (≈10 000 cycles), detects various mechanical deformations, and powers multiple commercial LEDs through simple daily human activities, highlighting its strong potential as a high‐performance, portable, and wearable energy harvesting device.

A Permeable Triboelectric Fiber Mat with 35 V cm−2 Voltage Output for Wearable Wireless Sensing Electronics - Youchao Qi, Jinxing Jiang, Fan Chen, Junhua Zhou, Jiaheng Liang, Jingjing Fu, Yongqiang Yang, Yichun Ding (Small, 2025)
Abstract Textile‐based triboelectric nanogenerators have emerged as a promising solution for self‐powered wearable electronics, owing to their exceptional comfort derived from the inherent flexibility of textiles, coupled with their remarkable capability to efficiently harvest low‐frequency energy from human motions. However, one primary challenge lies in how to enhance output and management efficiency without compromising comfort to meet the high‐power consumption demands of electronics. Herein, a permeable triboelectric nanogenerator ( p TENG) is reported with a voltage output exceeding 35 V cm − 2 while maintaining breathability. Such a high output of this p TENG is attributed to the enhanced dielectric constant, facilitated by the uniform distribution of liquid metal nanoparticles in the electrospun composite fiber mat. With a specially designed energy management module, the self‐powering system based on p TENG can achieve 10 times faster charging speed than those regulated only by rectifiers. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, a garment integrating a p TENG, an energy management module, a temperature sensor, and a wireless transmitter is developed to form a self‐powered wireless temperature sensing system, which can sense and transmit temperature data to a relay terminal module. This integration reduces reliance on external power while enabling real‐time wireless health monitoring, highlighting the great potential of body area networks in personalized healthcare.

An ultralight, tiny, flexible six-axis force/torque sensor enables dexterous fingertip manipulations - Qian Mao, Zijian Liao, Shiqiang Liu, Jinfeng Yuan, Rong Zhu (Nature Communications, 2025)
Multi-dimensional mechanoreceptors are crucial for both humans and robots, providing omnidirectional force/torque senses to ensure dexterous and precise manipulations. Current six-axis force/torque sensors are bulky, heavy, and rigid with complicated sensing structures and high-cost manufacture. Although flexible force sensors have emerged recently, their perceptive dimension and performance are limited and still unsatisfactory for practical applications. Here, we propose an ultralight (0.30 g), tiny (fingertip size), and flexible six-axis force/torque sensor with a simple structure and low-cost fabrication. The sensor accurately perceives six-dimensional force/torque via capturing the spatial strain field of an elastic piezo-thermic material utilizing web-like scattered thin-film thermoreceptors. Integrating the sensor on the fingertip of humans or robots, we or robots can dexterously manipulate objects (e.g., open bottle cap), play games, and accomplish human-robot collaborative oper ations via easy fingertip-touch, demonstrating a broad prospect in applications of helping disabled and elderly people, intelligent robots, and virtual reality.

Multi‐Electric Field‐Enhanced CuInS 2 ‐Modified TiO 2 (Anatase)/TiO 2 (Rutile)/PVDF Nanofiber Membrane for Multifunctional Piezo‐Photocatalysis - Feng Sun, Qian Xu, Xinxing Wang, Chuan Luo, Minghui Zhao, Qianli Ma, Hui Yu, Wensheng Yu (Advanced Functional Materials, 2025)
Abstract Coupling device of reasonable microarchitecture, component control, and multi‐electric fields to efficiently separate and rapidly transfer charges by using multiple driving forces and charge transfer channels is an outstanding strategy for addressing water pollution and the energy crisis. Self‐supporting multi‐electric fields collaborative CuInS 2 nanocubes modified TiO 2 (Anatase)/TiO 2 (rutile)/Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (named as CuTi(AR)P) double S‐scheme heterojunction nanofibre membrane piezoelectric photocatalyst is designed and constructed. The dispersion of TiO 2 with different crystalline phases in 1D PVDF nanofibres ensures sufficient photo‐generated carrier generation and rapid migration. Furthermore, the vertical growth of 3D CuInS 2 nanocubes on the surface of 1D nanofibres provides a large specific surface area and broadens the light‐response range. The hierarchical band arrangement of four different functional components utilized enables the multi‐electric fields synergy to be formed through the internal‐electric fields (Double S‐scheme heterojunction) and piezoelectric field (PVDF), greatly reducing the possibility of charge recombination. By means of the synergies of energy‐band engineering, nanostructure interface and broadening spectrum design, the piezo‐photocatalytic efficiencies of 0.50CuTi(AR)P for Cr(VI) reduction, ciprofloxacin degradation, hydrogen and H 2 O 2 production reach respectively as high as 100.00% (60 min), 94.30% (50 min), 893.3 and 1174.7 µmol h −1 g −1 under stirring united with simulated sunlight exposure, realizing multifunctional characteristics.

Flexible piezoelectrics: integration of sensing, actuating and energy harvesting - Binjie Chen, Zimin Feng, Fang‐Zhou Yao, Mao‐Hua Zhang, Ke Wang, Yan Wei, Wen Gong, Jürgen Rödel (npj Flexible Electronics, 2025)
Abstract Piezoelectric materials are capable of converting between mechanical and electrical energy, and are suitable for sensing, actuating and energy harvesting. While most conventional piezoelectric materials are brittle solids, flexible piezoelectric materials (FPM) retain functionality even under bending and stretching conditions. This characteristic has garnered increasing attention in recent years, particularly for wearable devices, where the ability to adapt to dynamic human movements is essential. In addition, wearable devices also demand excellent conformability, durability, and adaptability to miniaturization. FPM emerge as a promising solution that meet all these requirements. This review thus aims to offer a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the field of FPM, including piezoelectric polymers, composites, and inorganic flexible films. We introduce and categorize the specific features of these materials and highlight their emerging applications in electronic device s, and comment on the prospect of FPM as well as their potential challenges.

Synergistic Piezo‐ and Triboelectricity in a Novel Triglycine Sulfate/Bacterial Cellulose/Chitosan Flexible Composite Nanogenerator - Sirinya Ukasi, Kittipan Saichompoo, Chanachot Saetang, Phakkhananan Pakawanit, Satana Pongampai, Sugato Hajra, Hoe Joon Kim, Naratip Vittayakorn (Small, 2025)
Abstract Organic piezoelectric materials offer sustainable alternatives for mechanical energy harvesting (MEH), yet their potential remains underexplored compared to inorganic counterparts. This study pioneers the use of triglycine sulfate (TGS), a rarely studied organic piezoelectric, within a flexible three‐phase composite with bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitosan (CS) for piezoelectric (PENG) and triboelectric (TENG) nanogenerators. Unlike widely researched systems, TGS's unique hybrid organic–inorganic nature is leveraged here for the first time in MEH. Optimized at a 50:50 BC:CS ratio with 40 wt.% TGS, achieves a TENG output of 141.2 V and 93.3 µA post‐poling—1.8 and 2.4 fold higher than unpoled samples—driven by TGS's dipole alignment. Separately, the configuration utilizing a 5 wt.% TGS loading yields 13.7 V and 0.19 µA. Advanced characterization (ATR‐FTIR, SR‐XTM) and simulations (COMSOL, DFT) reveal TGS's synergy with BC/CS roughness, enhancing charge generation. Delivering 1 18.65 µW cm − 2 , the TENG (from the 40 wt.% TGS poled sample) powers a digital watch, showcasing practical promise. This work not only introduces TGS as a novel MEH candidate but also provides mechanistic insights into its polarization, advancing bio‐hybrid nanogenerator design.

A Heterogeneous Cascaded Resonant MEMS Energy Harvester with In Situ Integrated PVDF Films for Sub‐10 Hz Ultra‐Low‐Frequency Vibration Energy Harvesting - Haizhao Feng, Ling Bu, Yi Ling, Siyao Jiang, Xiangyu Zhao, Zhangshanhao Li, Minghao Xu, Sixing Xu (Small, 2025)
Abstract MEMS energy harvesting under low‐frequency vibrations faces significant challenges due to the mismatch between the low‐frequency nature of environmental vibrations and the inherently high resonant frequencies of micro‐scale inertial elements. Flexible multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) energy harvester offers a promising solution by achieving low resonant frequencies and multimodal resonance. However, integrating suitable piezoelectric materials into such complex microstructures remains a critical challenge. Herein, numerical modeling demonstrates the advantages of a PVDF‐PDMS composite flexible suspended beam in achieving either a lower resonant frequency or generating higher normal stress in the piezoelectric layer. Furthermore, it is proposed a design strategy that reconciles rigidity and flexibility within a single micro resonant system for low‐frequency energy harvesting. The designed heterogeneous cascaded structure integrates commercial PVDF thin films with a PDMS‐silicon r esonant structure, achieving a high effective proof mass and low stiffness. It is developed an in situ compatible microfabrication method to enable seamless integration of commercial PVDF thin films. The resulting resonant system achieves multimodal resonance with closely spaced frequency peaks, thereby enhancing its responsiveness to ultra‐low‐frequency vibrations. The fabricated micro energy harvester (MEH) demonstrates a normalized power density (NPD) of 13.33 µW/cm 3 /g 2 at 2 Hz and a figure of merit (FoM) of 6.67. Surpassing the sub‐10 Hz frequency threshold of conventional MEMS resonant harvesters, this work preserves the ultra‐low‐frequency resonance demonstrated in the previous work while attaining a remarkable increase by an order of magnitude in NPD. This work provides a scalable and practical approach to the development of flexible energy harvesting systems, addressing key challenges in low‐frequency vibration energy harvesting.